Chukyo Industrial Area

Japanese: 中京工業地帯 - ちゅうきょうこうぎょうちたい

An industrial cluster area centered on Nagoya City, spanning four prefectures: Aichi, Gifu, Mie, and Shizuoka. It is one of Japan's three major industrial zones, along with the Keihin Industrial Zone centered on Tokyo and the Hanshin Industrial Zone centered on Osaka. Of the four prefectures, Shizuoka Prefecture is administratively under the jurisdiction of the Kanto Bureau of International Trade and Industry, but public utilities such as electricity and gas are under the jurisdiction of the Chubu Bureau of International Trade and Industry west of the Fuji River. Meanwhile, the Tokai Branch (Nagoya) of the financial institution Development Bank of Japan Inc. has jurisdiction over the four Tokai prefectures, including Shizuoka. Thus, the eastern part of Shizuoka Prefecture is located halfway between Chukyo and Keihin, but as the four prefectures run along the Tokaido, they are also known as the Tokai Industrial Zone, and a sense of unity is recognized.

The value of manufactured goods shipped was approximately 67.4 trillion yen (1995), accounting for 20.8% of the national total of 323 trillion yen, second only to Keihin at 23.1% and higher than the third-place Hanshin at 14.3%. Until 1990, it was third after Hanshin, but has maintained second place since then. In terms of shipment value, the main industrial sector is the automobile industry, with 1st place being transportation equipment at 33.4%, 2nd place being electrical machinery and equipment at 12.3%, 3rd place being general machinery and equipment at 9.9%, 4th place being food and beverages at 7.2%, and 5th place being chemicals at 5.4%.

[Tatsuo Ito]

history

Since the Edo period, textile, ceramics, and wood processing industries have been thriving, but after the ports of Yokkaichi and Nagoya were opened in the late Meiji period, wool, machinery, and chemical industries developed rapidly. The spinning industry, which had long characterized Chukyo Industrial, lost its top spot to the machinery industry in 1940 (Showa 15). During World War II, the aircraft industry was concentrated in the area, and at one point the number of aircraft produced accounted for more than half of the total in the country. As a result, the area suffered devastating damage from air raids at the end of the war. After the war, the area once again recovered to focus on light industries such as textiles, ceramics, and plywood, and heavy and chemical industries grew rapidly after the Korean War in 1950 (Showa 25), and by 1960 the ratio of light to heavy chemical industries had reversed. In particular, the establishment of Tokai Steel (now Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal), a subsidiary of Fuji Steel, in Tokai City, Aichi Prefecture in 1961 heralded the arrival of a new era for the Chukyo business community at the time, which had been hoping to attract large-scale iron and steel plants to the Chukyo Industrial Zone, which had previously been dominated by light industry, and to promote heavy chemical industry.Furthermore, riding the wave of the age of motorcycles and automobiles, the growth of transportation equipment manufacturers and related industries such as Honda Motor Co., Yamaha Motor Co., and Toyota Motor Corporation formed the core of the current Chukyo Industrial Zone.

[Tatsuo Ito]

Features

The location of the Chukyo Industrial Zone, like that of the Keihin and Hanshin areas, lies in its geographical advantage of being located in front of Ise Bay, with the markets of large cities spread across a vast plain as a backdrop, making it possible to form an international port connecting the area to the world. Moreover, the Shinkansen and expressways, which are Japan's main arteries, run between Tokyo and Osaka, and the Chukyo Industrial Zone, located halfway between them, has the advantage of being able to serve both the Kanto and Kansai markets.

The regional characteristics of the Chukyo Industrial Zone differ greatly between inland and coastal areas. Many of the industries located inland are textile, ceramic, food processing, wood products, etc., which have their origins in early modern rural industries and castle town industries encouraged by various feudal domains. Examples include the cotton and wool spinning industries in central and southern Gifu Prefecture, western Owari, Aichi Prefecture, and north-central Mie Prefecture, which led Japan's textile industry until the high-growth period, and the ceramic industries in Seto, Tokoname, Tajimi, and Yokkaichi. Some of these are also valuable as traditional crafts. Toyota Motor Corporation was formerly the automobile division of the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, which manufactured looms for the textile industry, and Yamaha Motor Corporation also developed from woodworking products to the manufacture of musical instruments such as pianos and guitars, sporting goods, motorcycles, and boats. Therefore, many of these industries are located inland, forming distinctive regional industrial cities in each area.

In contrast, the formation of coastal industrial zones is relatively new. The foundations of modern industry, such as steel, chemicals, and electricity, are called process-based industries and require large tracts of land, but in Japan, where flat land is scarce, securing land through coastal land reclamation is essential. In addition, large amounts of industrial water, transportation means to transport products to market, and modern port facilities to import raw materials from overseas and export products are essential. The coast of Ise Bay, which spreads out to the south of Nagoya City, met all of these requirements. It has the international hub ports of Nagoya Port and Yokkaichi Port, a shallow coast with excellent bearing capacity, and after World War II, it was possible to repurpose the Aichi Irrigation Canal, which was excavated as agricultural water with financing from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), for industrial use. The Yokkaichi chemical and power complex utilizes the site of a naval fuel depot constructed during World War II, but most of the east bank of Nagoya's southern waterfront was reclaimed after the war and is home to major factories of major companies such as Nippon Steel Corporation, Daido Steel, Aichi Steel, Toa Gosei, Mitsui Chemicals, and Toray.

If we divide these characteristics into more detail, Aichi Prefecture can be divided into 6 districts, Gifu Prefecture into 5 districts, Mie Prefecture into 7 districts, and Shizuoka Prefecture into 4 districts. Looking at the industrial characteristics of each district in terms of the ratio of shipment value of the top two industries (1995), we get the following:

〔Aichi prefecture〕
Nagoya area: Transportation machinery and equipment 18.9%, steel industry 12.9%
Chita and Kinuura districts: 45.5% transportation machinery and equipment, 9.2% general machinery and equipment
Owari region: General machinery and equipment 23.1%, electrical machinery and equipment 16.4%
●Toyota area: Transportation machinery and equipment 87.2%, general machinery and equipment 2.4%
Higashi Mikawa District: Transportation machinery and equipment 51.2%, Electrical machinery and equipment 9.9%
Okazaki District: Transportation machinery and equipment 46.2%, Electrical machinery and equipment 15.3%
[Gifu Prefecture]
Takayama area: Furniture and equipment 17.8%, general machinery and equipment 10.6%
Kamo District: Electrical machinery and equipment 27.7%, transportation machinery and equipment 17.5%
● Chuno area: Metal products 23.5%, general machinery and equipment 18.4%
Gifu area: Transportation machinery and equipment 15.2%, general machinery and equipment 10.9%
Ogaki District: Electrical machinery and equipment 16.1%, ceramics and stone products 12.1%
[Mie Prefecture]
Kuwana/Yokkaichi area: Chemicals 23.1%, Transportation machinery and equipment 15.0%
Suzuka and Kameyama areas: Transport machinery and equipment 63.8%, plastic products 11.2%
Tsu District: Electrical machinery and equipment 37.3%, transportation machinery and equipment 13.7%
Iga District: General machinery and equipment 25.9%, ceramic and stone products 13.0%
Matsusaka district: Electrical machinery and equipment 30.8%, ceramics and stone products 15.4%
Ise-Shima area: Electrical machinery and equipment 40.6%, transportation machinery and equipment 12.8%
Higashikishu District: Electrical machinery and equipment 15.1%, food 10.8%
[Shizuoka Prefecture]
Higashi Suruga District: Electrical machinery and equipment 18.1%, pulp and paper 14.9%
Chuen District: Transportation machinery and equipment 29.3%, Electrical machinery and equipment 24.5%
● Shizuoka and Oigawa area: Electrical machinery and equipment 17.3%, food 13.7%
Seien District: Transportation machinery and equipment 49.6%, Electrical machinery and equipment 14.2%
[Tatsuo Ito]

Problems and prospects

Modern industry in the Chukyo Industrial Zone is specialized in transportation machinery and general machinery, and the concentration of electrical and electronics industries and printing and publishing industries is inferior to that of the Keihin and Hanshin areas, and the area lacks comprehensiveness. There are particularly few research and development institutions, and the area is characterized as a manufacturing site. Therefore, the National Comprehensive Development Plan and the Chubu Regional Plan state that the opening of Chubu Centrair International Airport (February 2005) and the holding of the Japan World Expo (March to September 2005) are expected to serve as opportunities to strengthen each industrial sector and make the area "an industrial technology hub open to the world."

[Tatsuo Ito]

"The Chubu Region in the 21st Century" edited by Tatsuo Ito et al. (1995, Chunichi Shimbun)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

名古屋市を中心に、愛知、岐阜、三重、静岡の4県にまたがる工業集積地域。東京を中心とする京浜工業地帯、大阪を中心とする阪神工業地帯とともにわが国三大工業地帯の一つである。4県のうち、静岡県は行政の管轄では関東通商産業局に属するが、電力・ガス等の公益事業については富士川以西は中部通商産業局の管轄下にある。一方、金融機関の日本政策投資銀行東海支店（名古屋）は静岡を含む東海4県を管轄範囲としている。このように、静岡県の東部が中京と京浜の中間的位置にあるが、4県の範囲が東海道に沿うところから、東海工業地帯ともよばれ、一体性が認められる。

　製造品出荷額等は約67.4兆円（1995）で、全国323兆円の20.8％を占め、京浜の23.1％に次ぎ、第3位の阪神の14.3％よりも多い。1990年（平成2）までは阪神に次いで第3位であったが、以降は第2位を維持している。出荷額等の構成は、第1位輸送用機械器具33.4％、第2位電気機械器具12.3％、第3位一般機械器具9.9％、第4位食料品・飲料7.2％、第5位化学工業5.4％などで、自動車産業が主力の工業地帯である。

［伊藤達雄］

歴史

江戸時代から繊維、窯業、木材加工などが盛んであったが、明治後期に四日市(よっかいち)港と名古屋港が開港してからは羊毛、機械、化学工業などが急速に発展した。長く中京工業を特色づけていた紡績業がその第1位の座を機械工業に譲ったのは1940年（昭和15）であった。第二次世界大戦中は航空機工業が集積し、生産機数が全国の過半数を占めたこともあった。そのため第二次世界大戦末期には空襲によって壊滅的被害を受けた。戦後はふたたび繊維、陶磁器、合板などの軽工業を主体に復活し、1950年（昭和25）の朝鮮戦争を契機に重化学工業が急ピッチで伸び、1960年には軽工業と重化学工業の比率が逆転した。とくに1961年、愛知県東海市で操業を開始した富士製鉄系の東海製鉄（現、新日鉄住金）の立地をみたことは、それまで軽工業を主体としてきた中京工業地帯に、大規模な製鉄・製鋼工場を誘致して重化学工業化を図ることを悲願としていた当時の中京経済界にとって、新しい時代の到来を告げるものとなった。さらにその後、オートバイと自動車の時代の波にのった本田技研工業、ヤマハ、トヨタ自動車など輸送用機器製造と関連産業各社の成長が現在の中京工業の中核を形成した。

［伊藤達雄］

特色

中京工業地帯の立地条件は、京浜、阪神と同様、大平野に展開した大都市の市場を背景に、前面に伊勢(いせ)湾が開け、それが世界と結ぶ国際港湾の形成を可能にした地理的優位性にある。しかも、東京―大阪間には、わが国の大動脈である新幹線と高速道路が通じ、その中間に位置する中京工業地帯は関東と関西との両者を市場とすることができる強みをも備えている。

　中京工業地帯の地域別特性は、内陸と臨海とで大きく異なる。内陸に立地する諸工業の多くは、近世の農村工業や各藩が奨励した城下町産業を起源とする繊維、窯業、食品加工、木製品などである。高度成長期までわが国の繊維工業をリードした岐阜県中南部、愛知県尾張(おわり)西部、三重県北中部の綿・羊毛紡織業や、瀬戸(せと)、常滑(とこなめ)、多治見(たじみ)、四日市などの窯業はその例で、一部は伝統工芸としても貴重な存在となっている。トヨタ自動車の前身は繊維工業用の織機を製造していた豊田自動織機製作所の自動車部であり、ヤマハも木工品からピアノ、ギターなどの楽器、スポーツ用品、自動二輪車、ボート製造へと発展したものである。したがってそれら諸工業の立地は、多くは内陸に点在し、各地に特色ある地方工業都市を形成している。

　これに対して、臨海工業地帯の形成は新しい。近代工業の基盤となる鉄鋼、化学、電力などの工業は装置型工業とよばれ、大規模な用地を必要とするが、平地に乏しいわが国では臨海の埋立てによる用地確保が必須である。加えて大量の工業用水、製品を市場へ運ぶための輸送手段、原材料を海外から輸入し製品を輸出するための近代港湾施設などを欠くことができない。名古屋市の南に広がる伊勢湾沿岸はそれらの条件を備えていた。国際拠点港湾である名古屋港と四日市港を有し、沿岸は遠浅で地耐力に優れ、第二次世界大戦後、国際復興開発銀行（世界銀行）の融資を受けて農業用水として掘削された愛知用水を工業用に転用することもできた。四日市の化学・電力コンビナートは第二次世界大戦中に造成された海軍燃料廠(しょう)跡を活用したものであるが、東岸の名古屋南部臨海の大部分は戦後の埋立てで、新日本製鉄をはじめ、大同特殊鋼、愛知製鋼、東亜合成、三井化学、東レなど、大企業の主力工場が立地している。

　このような特色をさらに細かく区分すると、愛知県は6地区、岐阜県は5地区、三重県は7地区、静岡県は4地区に分けられる。それぞれの工業特性を地区ごとに上位2業種の出荷額比率（1995）でみると次のようになる。

〔愛知県〕
●名古屋地区　輸送用機械器具18.9％、鉄鋼業12.9％
●知多(ちた)・衣浦(きぬうら)地区　輸送用機械器具45.5％、一般機械器具9.2％
●尾張地区　一般機械器具23.1％、電気機械器具16.4％
●豊田(とよた)地区　輸送用機械器具87.2％、一般機械器具2.4％
●東三河(ひがしみかわ)地区　輸送用機械器具51.2％、電気機械器具9.9％
●岡崎(おかざき)地区　輸送用機械器具46.2％、電気機械器具15.3％
〔岐阜県〕
●高山(たかやま)地区　家具・装備品17.8％、一般機械器具10.6％
●加茂(かも)地区　電気機械器具27.7％、輸送用機械器具17.5％
●中濃(ちゅうのう)地区　金属製品23.5％、一般機械器具18.4％
●岐阜地区　輸送用機械器具15.2％、一般機械器具10.9％
●大垣(おおがき)地区　電気機械器具16.1％、窯業・土石製品12.1％
〔三重県〕
●桑名(くわな)・四日市地区　化学23.1％、輸送用機械器具15.0％
●鈴鹿(すずか)・亀山(かめやま)地区　輸送用機械器具63.8％、プラスチック製品11.2％
●津地区　電気機械器具37.3％、輸送用機械器具13.7％
●伊賀(いが)地区　一般機械器具25.9％、窯業・土石製品13.0％
●松阪(まつさか)地区　電気機械器具30.8％、窯業・土石製品15.4％
●伊勢・志摩(しま)地区　電気機械器具40.6％、輸送用機械器具12.8％
●東紀州(ひがしきしゅう)地区　電気機械器具15.1％、食料品10.8％
〔静岡県〕
●東駿河(ひがしするが)地区　電気機械器具18.1％、パルプ・紙14.9％
●中遠(ちゅうえん)地区　輸送用機械器具29.3％、電気機械器具24.5％
●静清(せいしん)・大井川地区　電気機械器具17.3％、食料品13.7％
●西遠(せいえん)地区　輸送用機械器具49.6％、電気機械器具14.2％
［伊藤達雄］

問題点と展望

中京工業地帯の近代工業は、輸送用機械器具、一般機械器具に特化しているだけに、電気・電子工業や印刷・出版産業などの集積は京浜・阪神に劣り、総合性に乏しい。とくに研究開発機関が少なく、ものづくりの現場という性格が強い。そこで、全国総合開発計画や中部圏計画などでは、中部国際空港の開港（2005年2月）と日本国際博覧会の開催（2005年3～9月）を契機に、各産業分野を強化して「世界に開かれた産業技術の中枢圏域」となることが期待されるとしている。

［伊藤達雄］

『伊藤達雄他編『21世紀の中部圏』（1995・中日新聞社）』

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