It is the principal court of first instance and a representative lower court. In addition to the district courts named after the prefectural capital (in the case of Tokyo, the name of the ward), there are district courts named after the cities of Sapporo, Hakodate, Asahikawa, and Kushiro in Hokkaido (50 in total). The Supreme Court may establish branches within the jurisdiction of a district court to handle part of the district court's affairs (Court Act, Article 31, Paragraph 1). District court judges consist of a number of judges and assistant judges (Article 23 of the same law). The number of judges in each district court is determined by the Supreme Court. A district court has one chief judge, who is selected from among the judges and appointed by the Supreme Court (Article 29, Paragraph 1 of the same law), and is not a person with a different official title from a judge, as is the case with the chief judge of a high court. While judges have full official authority as judges, assistant judges are restricted in their official authority in that they cannot preside over trials alone (Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the same law) or serve as presiding judges on a panel (Article 27, Paragraph 2 of the same law). In addition, under the Law on Exceptions to the Official Authority of Assistant Judges (Law No. 146 of 1948), assistant judges who have been appointed with the exception of official authority have the same official authority as judges. Each district court has a civil division and a criminal division, and each division has a sufficient number of judges or assistant judges (three) to form a collegial panel (since a collegial panel cannot have more than two assistant judges, it will have more than two judges).In addition, district courts have bailiffs, civil mediation committee members, and an attached secretariat. District courts handle the following types of cases: (1) litigation cases (civil cases involving claims exceeding 1.4 million yen and claims where the amount of claim is difficult to calculate, administrative cases, and criminal cases other than cases involving crimes such as treason and crimes punishable by fines or less), (2) appeals and appeal cases (appeals against civil judgments of summary courts and appeals against their decisions and orders), and (3) other cases (civil enforcement procedures, bankruptcy procedures, corporate reorganization procedures, etc.). In principle, district courts handle judicial practice by a single judge, or, as an exception, by a collegial bench of three judges (Article 26, Paragraph 1 of the same law). [Toshiaki Ito, May 19, 2016] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原則的な第一審裁判所であり、下級審裁判所の代表的なもの。地方裁判所は、各都府県庁の所在地に、その都市名(東京都の場合には都区部名)を冠したものが置かれているほかに、北海道には、札幌(さっぽろ)、函館(はこだて)、旭川(あさひかわ)および釧路(くしろ)の各市にそれぞれの都市名を冠したものが置かれている(合計50か所)。最高裁判所は、地方裁判所の事務の一部を取り扱わせるため、その地方裁判所の管轄区区域内に支部を設けることができる(裁判所法31条1項)。 地方裁判所の裁判官は、相当な員数の判事および判事補からなる(同法23条)。各地方裁判所の裁判官の員数は最高裁判所が定める。なお、地方裁判所には、1人の所長が置かれるが、これは判事のなかから最高裁判所により命じられる者であり(同法29条1項)、高等裁判所長官のように、判事と別の官名をもつ者ではない。判事は、裁判官として完全な職権を有するのに対して、判事補は、単独では裁判をすることができない(同法27条1項)、合議体の裁判長となることができない(同法27条2項)などという点において、職権に制限がある。なお、判事補の職権の特例等に関する法律(昭和23年法律第146号)によって、職権特例の指名を受けた判事補であれば、判事と同等の職権を有する。 各地方裁判所には民事部と刑事部が置かれ、各部には、合議体を構成するのに足りる数(3人)の判事または判事補が配置される(合議体に判事補は2人以上加われないため、判事は2人以上配置されることになる)。このほか、地方裁判所には、執行官が置かれ、民事調停委員が所属し、事務局が付置される。 地方裁判所の扱う事件には、次のものがある。(1)第一審の訴訟事件(訴額が140万円を超える請求および訴額の算定が困難な請求に関する民事事件、行政事件、内乱罪および罰金以下の刑にあたる罪にかかる訴訟以外の刑事事件)、(2)控訴事件および抗告事件(簡易裁判所の民事の判決に対する控訴事件およびその決定・命令に対する抗告事件)、(3)その他の事件(民事の強制執行手続、破産手続、会社更生手続など)である。 地方裁判所は、原則として、1人の裁判官による単独制、例外として、3人の裁判官による合議制によって、裁判実務を取り扱う(同法26条1項)。 [伊東俊明 2016年5月19日] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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