In the United States, which is a federal state, unlike a unitary state, the position of the states as constituent units has been developed as a defense of state rights, with different historical forms of expression, in the tension between integration and separation. At the founding period, the United States Constitution was unable to clearly state the position and attributes of sovereignty, and the Tenth Amendment included a provision on state reservation rights ("The powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."). This led to a debate on the federal government and a broad and narrow interpretation debate amid the conflict of interests of each section or interest group. First, the Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions (1798-99) drafted by T. Jefferson and J. Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts were in the classical position of state rights theory, and later, in the process of the debate leading up to the Civil War, the logic of opposition to the federal government was based on state rights. A representative debater was J.C. Calhoun, who based his argument on state sovereignty, which attributes sovereignty to each state, developed a theory of "nullification" of states from this as a counter to the trend toward strengthening the power of the federal government. In response, D. Webster emphasized the unity of the people. After the Civil War, the theory of states' rights faded into relative obscurity, and no longer emerged in debates over the federal government or sovereignty. However, in connection with the political structure of the United States as a federal state, it has continued to appear as a counter theory from the states against the policy direction of the federal government. This can be seen in the actions of S. Thurmond's "States' Rights Party" in the 1948 presidential election and G. Wallace's "American Independent Party" in 1968. [Yoshikazu Nakatani] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
単一国家とは異なって連邦国家を形成しているアメリカ合衆国にあって、構成単位としての州の位置は、統合と分離という緊張関係のなかで、発現の歴史的形態を異にしながら、州の権利の擁護論となって展開されてきている。建国期にあって、アメリカ合衆国憲法が主権の位置とその属性を明示しえず、また、憲法修正第10条において州の留保権の規定(「合衆国に委任されず、また各州に対して禁止されなかった権限は各州それぞれあるいは人民に留保される」)を置いたことは、その後、各セクションないし利益集団の利害対立のなかで、連邦の政体論争、広狭両様の解釈論争を引き起こすところとなった。まず、「外人および治安取締法」に対し、T・ジェファソンとJ・マディソン起草の「ケンタッキー・バージニア決議」(1798~99)が州権論の古典的位置にあり、その後、南北戦争に至る論争の過程にあって、連邦政府に対する対抗の論理は州権によりどころが求められるところとなった。代表的論客はJ・C・カルフーンで、彼は、主権を各州に帰属せしめる州主権論を軸に、ここから州の「無効宣言」の理論を練り上げ、連邦政府の権力強化的な方向に対抗した。これに対し、D・ウェブスターは、国民の一体性を強調した。南北戦争後、州権論は相対的に影を薄くし、また連邦政体や主権をめぐる論争となって現れることがなくなったとはいえ、合衆国が連邦国家であるという政体とも絡んで、連邦政府の政策的方向に対する州の側からの対抗理論となって現れてきている。それは、1948年の大統領選におけるS・サーモンドの「州権党」や、68年のG・ウォーレスの「アメリカ独立党」の動向に例示されるところである。 [中谷義和] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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