Haibutsu Kishaku - Haibutsu Kishaku

Japanese: 廃仏毀釈 - はいぶつきしゃく

Generally, it refers to religious policies, movements, and ideas that abolish Buddhism and expel monks. In India, there was the persecution of Buddhists by Pushyamitra of Brahmanism in the 2nd century BC, and the invasion of Islam in the early 13th century, but in China, there had been a movement to abolish Buddhism since the 3rd century, and the anti-Buddhist arguments of Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty and the Neo-Confucian school after the Song Dynasty were severe and had a great influence. In the history of Chinese Buddhism, there is a famous story called "Three Wushu and One Sect Persecution." This refers to the anti-Buddhist movements carried out by Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty, and Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty. In Japan, anti-Buddhist ideas came to the surface at the end of the Edo period, when Shinto and Confucian scholars began to promote the idea of a divine nation, and temples and Buddhist statues were destroyed. In particular, after the Meiji Restoration, when the government implemented a policy of separation of Shinto and Buddhism, Shinto priests, who had felt oppressed by Buddhism for many years, expelled Buddhism, burning or removing Buddhist statues, sutras, and Buddhist implements in various places. However, these anti-Buddhist movements were actually an opportunity for the awakening of Buddhism, and modern Japanese Buddhism was formed with the anti-Buddhist movement as a lever.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

一般には仏教を廃毀し，僧侶を排斥する宗教政策，運動，思想をさす。インドでは前2世紀バラモン教のプシャミトラによる仏教徒迫害，13世紀初めのイスラムの侵入によるものがあるが，中国では3世紀以来廃仏の動きがあり，唐の韓愈や宋以後の朱子学派の廃仏論はきびしく，かつその影響も大きかった。中国仏教史で「三武一宗の法難」といわれるのは有名である。これは，北魏の太武帝，北周の武帝，唐の武宗，後周の世宗によって行われた廃仏をいう。日本で廃仏思想が表面化してくるのは江戸時代末期，神道，儒教の学者が神国思想を鼓吹するようになってからで，寺院や仏像の破壊が行われた。特に明治維新後政府によって神仏分離の政策がとられると，多年仏教によって圧迫を受けてきたと考えていた神職者たちは，仏教を排撃し，各地で仏像，経巻，仏具の焼却や除去を行なった。しかしこれらの廃仏運動は，むしろ仏教覚醒の好機であり，日本近代仏教は廃仏毀釈をてことして形成されていった。

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