A former Yugoslav politician. His real name was Josip Broz. "Tito" was one of the pseudonyms he used while working illegally as a member of the Comintern secretariat. He was born on May 7th as the seventh child of a farming family in the village of Kumrovec in Croatia. He became a blacksmith and in 1910 joined the Social Democratic Party and was active among metalworkers. He was wounded on the Russian front during World War I, and was released from a prison camp after the October Revolution and joined the Red Guards. He returned to the country in 1920 and joined the Yugoslav Communist Party, working as a metalworkers' union secretary in Croatia. In 1928, he became secretary of the Zagreb district committee of the party, but was soon arrested and imprisoned for five years. In 1934, he was elected to the party's Politburo, and served as a member of the Comintern secretariat and in the Spanish Volunteer Corps. In 1937, he was appointed party secretary-general with the task of rebuilding the party's domestic organization. During World War II, he organized a partisan unit and became its supreme commander, fighting against the Axis powers. In 1943, at the Second Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation, he was appointed Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of the Provisional Government, and was given the title of Marshal of Yugoslavia. After the war, he was officially appointed Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, and after the constitution was enacted in 1953, he became President. He also continued to hold the position of Supreme Leader of the Party (renamed the Communist League in 1966). During that time, he worked hard to reorganize the Eastern Bloc, including the formation of the Cominform in 1947, but his independent attitude angered Stalin, and Yugoslavia was expelled from the Cominform in 1948. After that, under various pressures from the Soviet bloc, he established his own socialism centered on workers' self-management. After Stalin's death (1953), the Soviet Union's attitude changed, and relations improved in 1955, but Tito founded the Non-Aligned Movement together with the Third World countries. In his private life, he married for the third time in 1952 to his wife Jovanka. In 1980, he died in a hospital in Ljubljana on May 4 after an aneurysm in his leg worsened. [Kido Tsuyoshi] "The Life of Tito" by V. Winterharter, translated by Issei Tanaka (1972, Tokuma Shoten) " "Tito: His Own Way" by Z. Staubringer, translated by Yoshioki Okazaki (1980, Simul Publishing) [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
旧ユーゴスラビアの政治家。本名ヨシップ・ブロズJosip Broz。「チトー」というのは、コミンテルン書記局員として非合法活動に従事したころの偽名の一つである。5月7日クロアチアのクムロベツ村の農家の七番目の子として生まれ、鍛冶(かじ)工となり、1910年に社会民主党に入って金属労働者の間で活動した。第一次世界大戦中にロシア戦線で負傷し、十月革命により捕虜収容所から釈放され、赤衛軍に参加した。1920年に帰国してユーゴ共産党に加入、クロアチアで金属労組書記として活動した。1928年に党ザグレブ地区委書記となったが、すぐ逮捕され5年間投獄された。1934年に党政治局員に選任され、コミンテルン書記局員となったり、スペイン義勇軍派遣活動を行ったりした。1937年に国内組織再建の任務を負って党書記長に任命された。第二次世界大戦ではパルチザン部隊を結成しその最高司令官となり、枢軸軍と戦った。1943年の第2回民族解放反ファシズム評議会で臨時政府の首相兼国防相に就任、同時にユーゴスラビア元帥の称号を得た。 戦後、首相兼国防相に正式に就任、憲法が制定された1953年以降は大統領に移った。党(1966年に共産主義者同盟と改称)の最高指導者の地位も継続して保持した。その間、1947年のコミンフォルム結成を含む東欧圏の再編成に尽力したが、その自主的態度がスターリンの怒りを買い、1948年にユーゴスラビアはコミンフォルムから追放された。その後、ソ連圏からの多様な圧力のもとで、労働者自主管理を軸とする独自の社会主義を樹立した。スターリンの死(1953)後ソ連の態度が変わり、1955年に関係が改善されたが、チトーは第三世界諸国とともに非同盟運動を創設した。私的生活面では、1952年に三度目の結婚によりヨバンカ夫人といっしょになった。1980年に足の動脈瘤(りゅう)が悪化し、5月4日リュブリャナの病院で死去した。 [木戸 蓊] 『V・ヴィンテルハルテル著、田中一生訳『チトー伝』(1972・徳間書店)』▽『Z・シュタウブリンゲル著、岡崎慶興訳『チトー・独自の道』(1980・サイマル出版会)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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