When steel containing about 1% aluminum or chromium is heated in ammonia gas (at about 500°C for 50 hours), the ammonia decomposes and nitrogen atoms penetrate the steel crystals, forming nitrides such as AlN and CrN. At this time, large strain is generated in the steel crystals, which makes it extremely hard. The process of hardening the surface layer of steel using this phenomenon is called nitriding. Steel with a composition adjusted to be suitable for nitriding is called nitriding steel. Stainless steel and heat-resistant steel also contain chromium, so they can be nitrided. The most widely used surface hardening method for steel is carburizing, which hardens only after carbon atoms penetrate and then quenching (quenching). In contrast, nitriding is characterized by the fact that it hardens without quenching. The carbonitriding method, in which steel is immersed in molten sodium cyanide to simultaneously carburize and nitride, and then quenched to harden, is also widely used today. [Taiji Nishizawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アルミニウムやクロムを約1%含有する鋼をアンモニアガス中で加熱(約500℃で50時間)すると、アンモニアが分解して、窒素原子が鋼の結晶中に侵入し、AlNやCrNのような窒化物を形成する。このとき、鋼の結晶内に大きなひずみが生じて著しく硬くなる。この現象を利用して、鋼材の表面層を硬化する処理を窒化法という。窒化法に適するように組成を調整した鋼が窒化用鋼である。ステンレス鋼や耐熱鋼もクロムを含有しているので、窒化を行うことができる。なお、鋼の表面硬化法のなかでもっとも普及しているのは浸炭法で、炭素原子を侵入させたのちに、急冷(焼入れ)することによって初めて硬くなる。これに対して窒化法では、急冷しなくても硬化するのが特徴である。溶融したシアン化ナトリウム中に鋼材を浸漬(しんし)して、浸炭と窒化の両方を同時に行い、急冷して硬化させる浸炭窒化法も現在盛んに利用されている。 [西沢泰二] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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