The flow of heat from the Earth's interior to the surface. It is an order of magnitude smaller than the solar heat the Earth receives during the day. Heat flow is often expressed in units of 10 -6 cal/cm 2 ·s (10 -6 cal = 1 μcal), but recently 10 -6 W/cm 2 units are also used. In the vicinity of the Japanese archipelago, the Sea of Japan side and northeastern Japan have an average of about 2 HFU, in southwestern Japan about 1.2 HFU, and the average on the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan is 1 to 1.2 HFU. In general, this value is small near ocean trenches, and heat flow is high in volcanic areas and ocean ridges. Also, the younger the seafloor, the higher the heat flow, and the heat flow decreases with age. The same tendency applies to continents. In the Precambrian shield, it is about 1.0 HFU, and in Cenozoic geosynclines, it is about 1.5 HFU. The energy carried from the Earth's interior to the surface as crustal heat flow is one to two orders of magnitude greater than the energy released by seismic and volcanic activity. The amount of heat released from the Earth's surface is roughly the same for the continents and oceans, but the amount of heat released by radioactive materials in basalt is one-fifth that of granite, and peridotite is about one-hundredth that of granite. For this reason, the amount of heat at the ocean floor cannot be traced solely to the basaltic oceanic crust, and it is thought that heat from the deep mantle below is carried out by mantle convection. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
地球内部から地表面へ流れ出る熱の流れのこと。地球が昼間受止めている太陽熱に比べれば桁違いに小さい。熱流量は 10-6cal/cm2・s(10-6cal=1μcal) の単位 (HFU) で表わすことが多いが,最近では 10-6W/cm2 の単位も使われる。日本列島付近では,日本海側と東北日本では 2HFU前後,西南日本では 1.2HFU前後,東北日本の太平洋岸の平均は1~1.2HFUである。一般に海溝の付近ではこの値は小さく,火山地帯や大洋の海嶺の部分では熱流量が高い。また,年代の若い海底ほど高い熱流量を示し,年代とともに熱流量は減少する。大陸についても同様の傾向が成り立つ。先カンブリア楯状地では約 1.0HFUで,新生代の地向斜だったところは約 1.5HFUである。地殻熱流量として地球内部から地表に運び出されるエネルギーは,地震活動や火山活動によって解放されるエネルギーより1桁から2桁大きい。地球表面から放出される熱量は大陸,海洋ともほぼ等しいが,玄武岩内の放射性物質の発熱量は花崗岩の5分の1,橄欖岩は花崗岩の 100分の1ぐらいである。このため,大洋底での熱量は玄武岩質の海洋地殻だけに起源を求めることができず,その下のマントルの深い部分の熱がマントル対流で運び出されると考えられている。
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