Strategos (English spelling)

Japanese: ストラテゴス（英語表記）stratēgos

In Greek, it means "general." In 5th century Athens, it was an important position in both military and political affairs. From 501/0 BC, strategos, one from each tribe (phyre), totaling ten, were elected by the assembly (ekklesia), for a term of one year, and were allowed to re-appoint. They commanded the military forces of their tribes under the Polemarchus (the highest official in the polis in charge of military affairs and foreign affairs). When the position of archon was decided by lottery in 487/6 BC, Polemarchus ceased to be a military commander, and the authority of the strategos increased, becoming the de facto highest official in the state, and being a political leader as well as a military commander. Themistocles and Cimon are early examples. Pericles was re-elected almost every year from 443 BC until his death. After the decline of Athens' military power, it was no longer a means of gaining political influence, and the division of duties was decided. During the Hellenistic period, it became the name of a position with broad authority in both political and military affairs in the Aetolian and Achaean Leagues, and was also the title for local governors in Hellenistic dynasties.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ギリシア語で「将軍」の意。前5世紀のアテネでは軍事，政治両面に重要な役職であった。前 501/0年以来，各部族 (フュレ) から1名，計 10名のストラテゴスたちが民会 (エクレシア ) の選挙で選ばれ，任期は1年で重任が許された。彼らはポレマルコス (ポリスの軍事，外人管理を司る最高官) のもとで，各自の部族の軍団を指揮した。前 487/6年アルコン職が抽選制になるとポレマルコスは軍事指揮官であることをやめ，ストラテゴスの権威は高まり，事実上国家の最高役職となり，軍事指揮だけではなく政治的指導者でもあった。テミストクレス，キモンはその初期の例。ペリクレスは前 443年以降死ぬまでほとんど毎年再選された。アテネの軍事力が衰えて以後は，政治的影響力を得る手段ではなくなり，職務分担が決められるようになった。ヘレニズム時代にはアイトリア，アカイア連盟の政治，軍事両面に広い権限をもつ役職の名称となり，ヘレニズム諸王朝の地方長官の呼称でもあった。

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