A tectonic zone that runs roughly north to south through the center of the Japanese archipelago. It means "great rift" in Latin. It was named by German geologist E. Naumann, who was invited by the Japanese government in 1875 (Meiji 8). The western edge is bounded by a group of faults called the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line. The eastern edge is not clearly defined because it is covered by Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Cenozoic Era, but it is thought to run through the western edge of the Kanto Mountains. The Fossa Magna was formed by cutting through the surrounding strata, mainly from the Paleo-Mesozoic and Paleogene periods, and thick strata from the Neogene period onwards have accumulated there. In particular, there was active submarine volcanic activity during the Neogene period, and it forms part of the Green Tuff region that connects the Sea of Japan side of northeastern Japan through the Niigata region to the Izu-Ogasawara Arc. The Fossa Magna is roughly divided into the Northern Fossa Magna and the Southern Fossa Magna near the Yatsugatake Mountains. In the Northern Fossa Magna, faults and folds running north-south or north-northeast-south-southwest have developed. The Saigawa Fault Zone observed along the Sai River in Nagano Prefecture is a typical example. In the Southern Fossa Magna, deformation of the strata is even more remarkable. North-south faults such as the Akebono Thrust Fault and Minobu Thrust Fault, which thrust from west to east, east-west faults such as the Uenohara Thrust Fault and Kannawa Thrust Fault, which thrust from north to south, as well as strike-slip fault systems that cut through these and fold structures associated with the faults have developed. Many of these faults and folds are still active today, making the Southern Fossa Magna one of the most active tectonic zones in Japan. The cause of the violent movements in the Southern Fossa Magna is believed to be the repeated collisions of the Philippine Sea Plate, carrying the Izu-Ogasawara Arc, with the Eurasian Plate at the northern end of the Izu Peninsula, which has been continuing for over 10 million years. [Tanio Itoh and Akihiro Murata] Ecological significanceThe Fossa Magna is significant not only because it divided the ancient flora of central Japan into northern Kanto and the area west of the Southern Alps, but also because many new plant species were formed as a result of subsequent volcanic activity in the Fuji volcanic belt. These volcanic plant groups are called the Fossa Magna elements, and are considered important in terms of the flora. The main species include Virgo latifolia (a metamorphic species close to Virgo japonica), Tateyamadaisy, Izukakobata, Fuji thistle, Deutzia japonica, Azalea japonica, and Japanese lily of the valley. There are various morphological changes from closely related species. [Shigetoshi Okuda] [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日本列島中央部をほぼ南北に走る構造帯。ラテン語で大地溝という意。1875年(明治8)に日本政府によって招かれたドイツの地質学者E・ナウマンの命名による。西縁は糸魚川(いといがわ)‐静岡構造線という断層群によって限られる。東縁は新生代第四紀火山岩類に覆われるため鮮明ではないが関東山地西縁を通ると考えられている。フォッサマグナは、周囲の主として古・中生代および新生代古第三紀の地層の構造を大きく切って形成され、そこには新第三紀以降の地層が厚く堆積(たいせき)している。とりわけ新第三紀には活発な海底火山活動があり、東北日本の日本海側から新潟地域を経て、伊豆‐小笠原弧へと接続するグリーンタフ地域の一部をなしている。 フォッサマグナは八ヶ岳(やつがたけ)付近で北部フォッサマグナと南部フォッサマグナに大きく区分される。北部フォッサマグナにおいては、南北ないし北北東―南南西方向の断層や褶曲(しゅうきょく)が発達する。長野県犀川(さいがわ)沿いで観察される犀川破砕帯はその典型である。南部フォッサマグナにおいては、地層の変形はいっそう著しい。西から東へ衝上(しょうじょう)する曙(あけぼの)衝上断層、身延(みのぶ)衝上断層などの南北性の断層、北から南へ衝上する上野原(うえのはら)衝上断層、神縄(かんなわ)衝上断層などの東西性の断層、さらにはそれらを切る横ずれ断層系や、断層に伴う褶曲構造が発達する。これらの断層や褶曲には現在も活動的なものが多数存在し、南部フォッサマグナは現在日本のなかでは、もっとも活動的な変動帯の一つとなっている。南部フォッサマグナにおける激しい変動の原因としては、伊豆‐小笠原弧をのせたフィリピン海プレートが、ユーラシアプレートと伊豆半島の北端部で、約1000万年間以上にわたって衝突を繰り返しているためであるとされている。 [伊藤谷生・村田明広] 生態学的な意義フォッサマグナは中部日本の古いフロラ(植物相)を単に北関東と南アルプス以西とに二分したというだけでなく、その後の富士火山帯の火山活動によって多数の新種の植物が形成されたという点で大きな意味をもっている。これらの火山起源による植物群をフォッサマグナ要素とよび、フロラ上重要視されている。おもな種類にはオトメアオイ(ヒメカンアオイに近い変成種)をはじめ、タテヤマギク、イズカニコウモリ、フジアザミ、ハコネウツギ、ハコネコメツツジ、ヒトツバショウマなどがある。なお、近縁種からの形態的な変化はさまざまである。 [奥田重俊] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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