Men's Society - Danshikessha

Japanese: 男子結社 - だんしけっしゃ
Men's Society - Danshikessha

A society that only men are allowed to join. It is widespread around the world, but is well known in so-called primitive societies such as Melanesia and West Africa, and in civilized societies such as Europe and America. A society is distinguished from an open system such as an age-graded system in which all men in a society who have reached a certain age can join, and is said to be formed by members sharing some kind of secret. Qualifications are required when joining, and a secret ritual is held at the initiation ceremony to impart the secret.

For example, young men of the Gahuku-Gama ethnic group in the New Guinea highlands must undergo three elaborate rituals, including painful trials such as nosebleeds and vomiting, and isolation in the men's meeting hall, before joining the men's association that owns the sacred flute, the final isolation lasting two years. After that, they learn how to play the flute and receive instruction as adult men. The existence of the flute is kept secret from women and children who have not been initiated, and the sound of the flute heard from the meeting hall during the ritual period is explained to women as the song of a bird.

The strictness of these rules varies from society to society. Some societies impose severe punishments, such as death, on anyone who reveals even the slightest bit of secret rituals to the outside world, while others have secret rituals but do not strictly follow them, and as a result, there are societies that are more like an age-graded system in which all men are required to join. There are also societies that require members to avoid contact with women in their daily lives to an excessive extent (and at the same time, homosexuality may occur among members), and even societies with looser rules that allow women to join after menopause, or that do not allow women to join but do not prevent them from observing rituals.

Nonetheless, all societies are characterized by secrecy and the exclusion of women, to varying degrees. In some societies, women form all-female societies, but in those societies, the women's societies are generally modeled after the men's societies of the society, and are weaker in organization and rituals in comparison. Even in cases where women's societies exist, the secrecy and exclusion of women in the men's societies confirms the male dominance of the society. From a psychoanalytic perspective, the hostile attitude toward women expressed in rituals has been interpreted as a way of overcoming the Oedipus complex and men's envy that arise from the intimacy between mother and son.

The structure of these associations is separate from kinship and territorial organizations, and they tend to be organized broadly beyond these. Well-known men's associations in Western society include the Knights Templar, which have a long history dating back to the Middle Ages, the Freemasons, and the Rosicrucians, and they all share the common characteristic of maintaining secrecy and excluding women. To a greater or lesser extent, these associations existed as an aberration in society as a whole, and at times were suppressed as being anti-social. Associations in Western society are characterized by the existence of an internal hierarchy in which members are promoted according to their achievements, but similar examples exist even in so-called primitive societies, such as Vanuatu in Melanesia.

[Yamamoto Matori]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

男性のみに入社の許される結社。世界中に広く分布しているが、いわゆる未開社会ではメラネシアや西アフリカ、文明社会ではヨーロッパやアメリカのものがよく知られている。結社は、年齢階梯(かいてい)制のように社会のなかである年齢に達した男子全員が参入する公開制のものからはいちおう区別され、加入者がなんらかの秘密を共有することから成り立つとされる。入社に際して資格が問われ、入社式(イニシエーション)においては秘密を伝授するための秘儀が行われる。

 たとえばニューギニア高地の民族集団ガフク・ガマの若者は、神聖な横笛を所有する男子結社に入社する際、鼻からの出血や嘔吐(おうと)などのつらい試練や男子集会所での隔離といった入念な儀礼を三度にわたって受けなければならず、最後の隔離は2年間にも及ぶ。そののちに横笛の吹き方を習い、成人男子としての教えを受けるのである。この笛の存在は女性や入社していない子供には秘密にされ、儀礼期間中集会所から聞こえてくる笛の音は、女性たちには鳥の鳴き声であると説明される。

 これら規則の厳格さには、結社によってさまざまなバリエーションがある。秘儀をすこしでも外部に漏らすと死のごとき厳しい制裁の加えられる結社が存在する一方で、秘儀は存在するがそれほど固く守られているわけではなく、それに伴い男子全員が入社するような年齢階梯制に近いものもある。また加入者に女性との接触を日常生活においても過度に避けさせる(同時に加入者間の男色が行われることもある)ようなものから、閉経更年期以後の女性を入社させたり、女性の入社は許されないものの、儀礼をみることは妨げない緩い規則の結社まである。

 とはいえ、いずれの結社においても程度の差はあれ、秘密の保持と女性の排除とが特徴として現れる。女性は女性だけの結社を形成する社会もあるが、その場合の女子結社は、おおむねその社会の男子結社をまねてつくられたもので、比較してみると、組織も秘儀もより貧弱である。女子結社の存在する場合ですら、男子結社の秘密保持と女性排除とはその社会の男性支配を裏づけるものとなっているのである。儀礼に表出される女性に対する敵対的態度については、精神分析の立場から、母親と息子の親密さから生じるエディプス・コンプレックスや男性の異性羨望(せんぼう)を克服するためであるといった解釈もなされている。

 結社の組織は親族組織や地縁組織とは別で、むしろそれらを超えて広く組織化される傾向がある。西欧社会での男子結社は中世以来の長い歴史をもつテンプル騎士団、フリーメーソンや薔薇(ばら)十字団などが知られているが、やはり秘密の保持と女性排除が共通する特徴である。これら結社は大なり小なり全体の社会のなかで異質な存在であり、時代によっては反社会的なものとして弾圧された。西欧社会の結社は内部に位階制が存在し、功績に応じて昇進していく点が特徴的であるが、このような例はいわゆる未開社会においてもメラネシアのバヌアツなどに存在している。

[山本真鳥]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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