Kenzo Tange

Japanese: 丹下健三 - たんげけんぞう
Kenzo Tange

Architect. Born in Osaka. Spent his childhood in the Shanghai Concession, and from 1921 (Taisho 10) lived in Imabari, Ehime Prefecture. While reading philosophy and art books during high school, he became interested in Le Corbusier and enrolled in the Department of Architecture at the Faculty of Engineering of Tokyo Imperial University with the aim of becoming an architect. At one time he enrolled in the Film Department of the Faculty of Art of Nihon University with the aim of becoming a film director. As a student, he became interested in Marxism, but eventually left and was influenced by the modernism of Le Corbusier and Gropius. After graduating from university in 1938 (Showa 13), he joined the office of Kunio Maekawa, a student of Le Corbusier, where he trained until 1941. In his essay "In Praise of Michelangelo," published the following year in 1942, he positioned Michelangelo and Le Corbusier as architects who demonstrated great creativity at turning points in history, and declared his determination to follow in their footsteps. Throughout his more than 60 years of activity, he shouldered the weight of the rapidly growing postwar Japan, creating impressive architectural landmarks throughout the country, and setting the precedent for Japanese architects who are active internationally.

During the Second World War in the 1940s, Tange won consecutive competitions and made his debut as an architect. His Greater East Asia Construction Memorial Construction Plan (1942) and the Japanese Cultural Center in Bangkok (1943), both of which won first prize, were monumental structures incorporating motifs from traditional Japanese architecture. Immediately after Japan's defeat, he worked on the reconstruction of Tokyo, Maebashi, Kure, Wakkanai, and other cities. In 1946, he became an assistant professor at Tokyo Imperial University, and in 1963, a professor at the University of Tokyo, where he taught until his retirement in 1974. Tange's laboratory produced many outstanding architects, including Otani Sachio, Asada Takashi (1921-1990), Maki Fumihiko, Isozaki Arata, Kurokawa Kisho, and Taniguchi Yoshio. In 1949, it won first place in a competition for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park and Museum, sponsored by Hiroshima City. It is a piece of architecture that skillfully combines modernity, monumentality, and tradition. As an urban device, it also established a strong central axis that reaches the Atomic Bomb Dome, bringing clarity and order to the burnt-out ground zero.

In the 1950s, Tange produced many masterpieces, raising Japanese modern architecture to a global level. The Kagawa Prefectural Office Building (1958) was a work that sought a modern reinterpretation of wooden pillars and beams, strongly influenced by Ise Shrine and Katsura Imperial Villa. However, in the mid-1950s, during the debate over tradition, Tange's style changed, influenced by Shirai Seiichi's concept of the profound "Jomon-like," which was presented in opposition to Tange's delicate "Yayoi-like." In the second half of the 1950s, he designed thick walls for buildings such as the former Sogetsu Kaikan (1958) and the Dentsu Osaka branch office (1960).

In 1961, he opened the Kenzo Tange Urban and Architectural Design Institute, and began working on urban planning projects in the 1960s. In the same year, he published "Plan for Tokyo 1960," a grand vision that challenged society during the period of high economic growth. It rejected the Western-style city that spread radially, and proposed a city that would grow in a strip toward Tokyo Bay. Young Isozaki and Kurokawa also participated in this plan. He later proposed a linear city on the scale of the Japanese archipelago. This detailed plan sparked a futuristic urban planning boom in the 1960s. His symbolic and sculptural works include the National Indoor Stadium for the Tokyo Olympics (Tokyo Yoyogi Gymnasium, 1964), which attempted a suspended structure, and the Tokyo Cathedral of St. Mary (1964), which has a hyperboloid (hyperboloid) shell structure.

In 1970, he was in charge of planning the site for the World Expo held in Osaka as the culmination of an experiment in futuristic cities. However, after that, the next generation of architects emerged and he no longer had any notable work in Japan. Instead, he moved his activities to large-scale projects in the Middle East and Asia, including the Skopje City Center Reconstruction Plan in Macedonia (now the Republic of North Macedonia) (1966) and the Bologna Northern Development Plan in Italy (1984), as well as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Nepal, and Singapore.

In 1986, he returned to the Japanese architectural world by winning the competition for the New Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building (completed in 1991), a postmodern design with both monumentality and decorativeness. Since the 1990s, he has been actively producing works such as the Fuji Television Headquarters Building in Odaiba, Tokyo (1996). In 2002 (Heisei 14), about 50 years after the competition for the design of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims was opened. The facility was buried underground so as not to interfere with the axis and greenery of the park, creating a space for memorialization.

He received numerous awards, including the Royal Institute of British Architects' Royal Gold Medal (1965), the Building Contractors' Association Award (1966), the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal (1966), the French Cultural Award Gold Medal (1967), the Order of Culture (1980), the French Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (1984), the Italian Republic's Grand Officer of the Order of Merit (1984), the Architectural Institute of Japan Grand Prize (1986), the Pritzker Architecture Prize (1987), and the Praemium Imperiale Award for Architecture (1993). Other notable architectural works include the Kenzo Tange House (1953), Sunpu Kaikan (1957, Shizuoka City), the former Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building (1957), the Shizuoka Shimbun and Shizuoka Broadcasting System headquarters (1970), the Singapore OUB Centre (1986), and the Yokohama Museum of Art (1989).

[Taro Igarashi]

"Katsura: Tradition and Creation in Japanese Architecture" by Walter Gropius, Kenzo Tange, and Yasuhiro Ishimoto (1960, Zokei-sha)""Plan for Tokyo 1960: Proposals for Structural Reform" (1961, Shinkenchiku-sha) ▽ "The Future Vision of the Japanese Archipelago" (1966, Kodansha)"Reality and Imagination: Kenzo Tange 1946-1958" edited by Kenzo Tange and Noboru Kawazoe (1966, Bijutsu Shuppan-sha)"Technology and Humanity: Kenzo Tange + Urban and Architectural Design Institute 1955-1964" edited by Kenzo Tange and Noboru Kawazoe (1968, Bijutsu Shuppan-sha)"Humanity and Architecture: Design Notes" and "Architecture and Cities: Design Notes" (both 1970, Shokoku-sha)"Architecture and Cities" (1975, Sekai Bunka-sha)"From a Single Pencil" (1985, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)""Kenzo Tange Associates Vol.1-3" (1987), edited and published by Kenzo Tange and Urban and Architectural Design Institute""Kenzo Tange" by Kenzo Tange and Terunobu Fujimori (2002, Shinkenchiku-sha)

[References] | Arata Isozaki | Yukio Otani | Kisho Kurokawa | Gropius | Shell structure | Seiichi Shirai | Yoshio Taniguchi | Kunio Maekawa | Fumihiko Maki | Michelangelo | Le Corbusier
Peace Memorial Park
A park in the center of the city. It was completed in 1954 as a place to console the souls of those who died in the atomic bombing of 1945 (Showa 20) and to pray for lasting peace for all mankind. It was designed by Kenzo Tange and others. The memorial monument contains inscriptions expressing wishes for peace and a register of the deceased, and a peace memorial ceremony is held every year on August 6th. Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture © Fujino Yuya ">

Peace Memorial Park

Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum
The museum exhibits materials that convey the devastation that occurred immediately after the atomic bombing of August 6, 1945 (Showa 20). Designed by the Kenzo Tange Planning Laboratory (Tange, Yukio Otani, Takashi Asada), it opened in 1980. Inside the museum, many vivid materials from that time are on display, such as glass that melted due to the high heat, clothing of citizens who were exposed to the bomb, and stones with the image of a person burned into them. It is located within the Peace Memorial Park. The photo shows the main building (a nationally designated important cultural property). Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture © Hiroshi Aizawa ">

Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

Yoyogi National Stadium First Gymnasium
A gymnasium with a suspended roof designed by Kenzo Tange. Formerly known as the "Olympic Pool," the swimming pool, diving pool, and diving board have been removed, and the facility is now used for a variety of purposes, including volleyball and other sports, as well as operas and concerts. Shibuya-ku, Tokyo ©Yutaka Sakano ">

Yoyogi National Stadium First Gymnasium

Yokohama Museum of Art
It was opened in March 1989 (Heisei 1) as a facility for the Yokohama Expo and opened in November. It was designed by architect Kenzo Tange. It houses art works from the late 19th century onwards, as well as works by artists with deep ties to Yokohama from the end of the Edo period and the Meiji period onwards. A major feature of the museum is its extensive collection of photographs. Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture ©Shogakukan ">

Yokohama Museum of Art

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building was completed in 1991. It was designed by Kenzo Tange. On the right of the photo is the 48-story, 243m-tall First Building. Low-rise buildings surround the Citizens' Plaza at the base, and connect with the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Building (left in the foreground). The Second Building can be seen in the background. Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo © Hiroshi Aizawa ">

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

建築家。大阪に生まれる。幼少時は上海(シャンハイ)の租界で過ごし、1921年(大正10)から愛媛県今治(いまばり)で暮らす。高校時代に哲学書や芸術書を読むうちに、ル・コルビュジエに傾倒し、建築家を志して東京帝国大学工学部建築学科に入学。一時は映画監督を目ざし、日本大学の芸術学部映画学科に在籍したこともある。学生時代マルクス主義に興味をいだくが、やがて離脱し、ル・コルビュジエやグロピウスらのモダニズムから影響を受ける。1938年(昭和13)大学卒業後は、ル・コルビュジエの教え子である前川国男の事務所に入り、1941年まで修業をした。翌1942年に発表された論文「MICHELANGELO頌(しょう)」では、ミケランジェロとル・コルビュジエを歴史の転換点において偉大なる創造力を発揮した建築家と位置づけ、自らがその後に続くという決意表明を行う。60年以上に及ぶ活動を通し、急成長する戦後日本という国家を背負い、各地にランドマークとなる印象的な建築を手がけた。また国際的に活躍する日本人建築家の先鞭(せんべん)をつけた。

 1940年代の第二次世界大戦戦時下においてコンペに連勝し、建築家としてデビューする。いずれも1等を獲得した大東亜建設記念造営計画(1942)と在バンコク日本文化会館(1943)は、日本の伝統建築のモチーフをとり入れたモニュメンタルな造形であった。敗戦直後は、東京、前橋、呉(くれ)、稚内(わっかない)などの復興都市計画を行う。1946年に東京帝国大学助教授、1963年東京大学教授となり、1974年の停年退職まで東京大学にて教鞭(きょうべん)をとる。丹下の研究室からは、大谷幸夫(さちお)、浅田孝(1921―1990)、槇文彦(まきふみひこ)、磯崎新(いそざきあらた)、黒川紀章(きしょう)、谷口吉生(よしお)らの優秀な建築家が輩出した。1949年広島市主催の広島平和記念公園および記念館のコンペで1等に入賞。近代性・記念碑性・伝統性を巧みに融合した建築である。さらに都市的な仕掛けとして、原爆ドームに到達する強力な中心軸を設定し焼け野原となった爆心地に明快な秩序を与えた。

 1950年代は数々の傑作を発表し、日本の近代建築を世界的なレベルに引き上げた。香川県庁舎(1958)は伊勢神宮や桂(かつら)離宮などを強く意識し、木造の柱梁(はしらはり)に現代的な再解釈を追求した作品である。しかし、1950年代なかばの伝統論争においては、丹下の繊細な「弥生(やよい)的なるもの」に対抗して提出された白井晟一(せいいち)の重厚な「縄文的なるもの」の概念に影響を受け、作風は変化した。1950年代後半は、旧草月会館(1958)や電通大阪支社(1960)など、厚い壁のデザインを行う。

 1961年丹下健三・都市・建築設計研究所を開設し、1960年代は都市計画的な仕事を手がけるようになる。同年発表した「東京計画1960」は、高度経済成長期の社会に問いかけた壮大なビジョンであり、放射状に広がる西欧型の都市を否定し、東京湾へ帯状に成長する都市を提案した。この計画には若き日の磯崎や黒川も参加している。後に線状に延びる都市の構想を日本列島のスケールでも提案した。緻密(ちみつ)なこの計画は、1960年代における未来的な都市計画ブームに火をつけた。吊(つ)り構造に挑戦した東京オリンピックの国立屋内総合競技場(東京代々木体育館、1964)や、HP(双曲面)シェル構造の東京カテドラル聖マリア大聖堂(1964)など、シンボリックかつ彫刻的な作品がある。

 1970年、未来型の都市実験の総決算として大阪で開かれた日本万国博覧会の会場計画を担当した。しかしその後は次世代の建築家が台頭し、日本では目だった仕事がなくなる。かわりにマケドニア(現、北マケドニア共和国)のスコピエ都心再建計画(1966)やイタリアのボローニャ市北部開発計画(1984)をきっかけに、サウジアラビア、イラク、ネパール、シンガポールなど、中近東やアジアの大規模なプロジェクトに活動の舞台を移した。

 1986年、記念碑性と装飾性をもつポスト・モダンによる新東京都庁舎のコンペに勝って日本の建築界に復帰した(1991完成)。そして1990年代以降も東京お台場のフジテレビ本社ビル(1996)など、精力的に作品を発表した。広島平和記念館の競技設計から約50年を経過した2002年(平成14)、原爆死没者追悼平和祈念館が開館した。公園の軸線や緑を邪魔しないよう、施設を地中に埋め、慰霊の空間を表現した。

 イギリス王立建築家協会ロイヤル・ゴールドメダル(1965)、BCS(建築業協会)賞(1966)、アメリカ建築家協会ゴールドメダル(1966)、フランス文化選奨・ゴールドメダル(1967)、文化勲章(1980)、フランス芸術文化勲章コマンドール(1984)、イタリア共和国有功勲章グラン・オフィシエル(1984)、日本建築学会大賞(1986)、プリツカー賞(1987)、高松宮殿下記念世界文化賞・建築部門(1993)など数多くの賞を受賞。前記以外のおもな建築作品に、丹下健三邸(1953)、駿府(すんぷ)会館(1957、静岡市)、旧東京都庁舎(1957)、静岡新聞・静岡放送本社(1970)、シンガポールOUBセンター(1986)、横浜美術館(1989)などがある。

[五十嵐太郎]

『ワルター・グロピウス、丹下健三、石元泰博著『桂――日本建築における伝統と創造』(1960・造型社)』『『東京計画1960――その構造改革の提案』(1961・新建築社)』『『日本列島の将来像』(1966・講談社)』『丹下健三・川添登編著『現実と想像 丹下健三1946-1958』(1966・美術出版社)』『丹下健三・川添登編著『技術と人間 丹下健三+都市・建築設計研究所1955-1964』(1968・美術出版社)』『『人間と建築 デザインおぼえがき』『建築と都市 デザインおぼえがき』(ともに1970・彰国社)』『『建築と都市』(1975・世界文化社)』『『一本の鉛筆から』(1985・日本経済新聞社)』『丹下健三・都市・建築設計研究所編・刊『Kenzo Tange Associates Vol.1~3』(1987)』『丹下健三・藤森照信著『丹下健三』(2002・新建築社)』

[参照項目] | 磯崎新 | 大谷幸夫 | 黒川紀章 | グロピウス | シェル構造 | 白井晟一 | 谷口吉生 | 前川国男 | 槇文彦 | ミケランジェロ | ル・コルビュジエ
平和記念公園
市の中心部にある公園。1945年(昭和20)の原爆投下によって亡くなった人々の霊を慰め、人類の恒久平和を祈念する場所として、54年に完成した。設計は、丹下健三らによる。慰霊碑には平和への願いを込めた碑文や死没者の過去帳が収められ、毎年8月6日に平和祈念式典が行われる。広島県広島市©藤野優哉">

平和記念公園

広島平和記念資料館
1945年(昭和20)8月6日の原爆投下直後の惨状を伝える資料を展示する。丹下健三計画研究室(丹下、大谷幸夫、浅田孝)の設計により、55年に開館。館内には、高熱で溶けてしまったガラス、被爆した市民の衣服、人影が焼きついた石など、当時の生々しい資料が数多く展示されている。平和記念公園内にある。写真は本館(国指定重要文化財)。広島県広島市©相澤 弘">

広島平和記念資料館

国立代々木競技場第一体育館
丹下健三設計の吊り屋根構造体育館。以前は「オリンピックプール」として親しまれていたが、競泳用プールと飛込用プール・飛込台は撤去され、現在はバレーボールをはじめとする各種スポーツのほか、オペラやコンサートなど、多目的に利用されている。東京都渋谷区©Yutaka Sakano">

国立代々木競技場第一体育館

横浜美術館
1989年(平成1)3月に横浜博覧会の施設として開設、11月に開館した。建築家丹下健三の設計。19世紀後半以降の美術作品や、幕末・明治期以降の横浜にゆかりの深い作家の作品などを収蔵する。充実した写真コレクションが大きな特徴となっている。神奈川県横浜市©Shogakukan">

横浜美術館

東京都庁舎
1991年(平成3)に完成した東京都本庁舎。丹下健三の設計による。写真右は地上48階、高さ243mの第一本庁舎。足下の都民広場を囲むように低層の建物が続き、東京都議会議事堂(写真手前左)とつながる。中央奥には第二本庁舎が見える。東京都新宿区©相澤 弘">

東京都庁舎


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