This refers to the process by which animals with a hard cuticle, such as arthropods or nematodes, shed their old cuticle all at once in order to grow. The renewal of the skin of vertebrate animals such as snakes and frogs, and the molting of feathers in birds are also considered molting. Most insects do not shed any more once they become adults, but wingless insects such as silverfish and crustaceans continue to shed even after they become adults. When insects molt, first the epidermal cell layer, which has increased in cells through division, is separated from the old cuticle that was on top of it. A new epicuticle layer is formed on top of the epidermal cell layer. The lower protocuticle of the old cuticle is digested and absorbed, and in its place a new protocuticle layer is formed between the new epicuticle and the epidermis layer. Eventually the old epicuticle is shed and molting is completed, and the new epidermis extends and the insect body becomes larger. After this, the new cuticle hardens again and protects the outside of the insect. Prothoracic gland hormones are involved in the molting of insects, Y organ hormones in crustaceans, and thyroid hormones in vertebrates. [Shigeo Takeuchi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
節足動物あるいは線虫のような硬いクチクラをもつ動物が、成長のため古いクチクラを全身同時に脱ぎ捨てることをいう。脊椎(せきつい)動物のヘビやカエルなどの皮膚の更新、鳥の換羽も脱皮とみなされている。昆虫の多くは成虫になるとそれ以上脱皮をしないが、シミのような無翅(むし)昆虫、甲殻類では成虫になっても脱皮を続ける。昆虫の脱皮では、まず分裂により細胞を増した表皮細胞層とその上にあった古いクチクラが分離する。表皮細胞層の上には新しい上クチクラ層がつくられる。古いクチクラのうち下側の原クチクラは消化吸収され、かわりに新しい上クチクラと表皮層の間に新たな原クチクラ層ができる。やがて古い上クチクラが脱ぎ捨てられ脱皮が完了するとともに、新しい表皮は伸展し虫体は大きくなる。このあと、新しいクチクラはふたたび硬くなり、虫の外側を保護するようになる。昆虫の脱皮には前胸腺(せん)ホルモンが、甲殻類ではY器官のホルモンが、脊椎動物の脱皮には甲状腺ホルモンが関係する。 [竹内重夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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