Ijtihād (English spelling)

Japanese: イジュティハード(英語表記)ijtihād
Ijtihād (English spelling)
It is an Arabic word meaning "to make an effort," but in Islamic theology and jurisprudence it means the act of determining doctrine and enacting laws, specifically the application of qiyas (analogy) to the Quran and hadith, and those who do this are called mujtahids. In the 10th century, legal scholars said that "the gates of ijtihad were closed," and subsequent legal scholars called them muqallids (those who simply follow the opinions of their predecessors), but since then, Ibn Taymiyya, the Wahhabis, Muhammad Abduh, and others have strongly advocated the reopening and exercise of the gates of ijtihad.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:
〈努力すること〉を意味するアラビア語であるが,イスラム神学・法学の用語としては,教義決定および立法の行為,具体的にはコーラン,ハディースへのキヤース(類推)の適用を意味し,これを行うものをムジュタヒドという。法学者は10世紀に〈イジュティハードの門は閉ざされた〉といい,その後の法学者はムカッリド(先人の意見にそのまま従う者)であるとしたが,その後現在まで,イブン・タイミーヤをはじめワッハーブ派,ムハンマド・アブドゥフなどによってイジュティハードの門の再開と行使が強く主張されている。

出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報

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