Tile - tile (English spelling)

Japanese: タイル - たいる(英語表記)tile
Tile - tile (English spelling)

A flat fired clay product used as a finishing material for interior and exterior floors and walls of buildings. The word is derived from the Latin tegula (meaning "to cover") and refers to a plate-shaped material that covers floors, walls, roofs, etc., but in other countries it is used to mean roof tiles as well, while in Japan it is used only for floors and walls.

Clay fired products are generally fire-resistant and durable, and can be made to be water-resistant and abrasion-resistant enough to withstand use. For this reason, they have been used widely around the world, including as flooring materials in ancient Egyptian and Babylonian palaces.

Tiles can be mass-produced in any shape or size, and by applying a glaze and firing them, the quality and performance of even thin tiles can be dramatically improved, and they can be produced in a variety of colors and patterns, enhancing the beauty of architecture. They are also relatively easy to install, rarely crack or discolor after installation, and although they are more expensive than plastering finishes, they have the advantage of protecting the concrete structure and increasing its durability. They are also easy to clean, making them an essential material for kitchens, bathrooms, washrooms, and toilets, where hygiene is a must.

In terms of the quality of the base, tiles can be divided into porcelain tiles, stoneware tiles, semi-porcelain tiles, hard ceramic tiles, and ceramic tiles. Generally, the raw materials used are a mixture of powdered silica sand, silica stone, pottery stone, feldspar, etc., mixed with clay such as frog's eye and wood knots, which is then finely ground, kneaded with water, shaped, fired (bisque firing), glazed, and fired again (final firing). Porcelain tiles are pressed into shape using a dry method, and fired at temperatures of 1250°C or higher. Due to their high hardness and porcelain base, they have a water absorption rate of less than 1%, making them particularly durable. They are used for floors and interior and exterior walls. There are also mosaic tiles and non-slip tiles for stairs. Stoneware tiles are extruded using a wet method, fired at 1200-1350°C, and have a water absorption rate of about 5%. They are often used as floor tiles, but recently thicker tiles are also often used for exteriors. Semi-porcelain tiles and hard ceramic tiles are dry-fired, have a nearly white base, have a water absorption rate of less than 15%, are glazed, and are used for floors of toilets, bathrooms, and washrooms. Ceramic tiles are dry-fired at 1000-1200°C and glazed. They are porous and have a water absorption rate of nearly 20%. Depending on the purpose, they are divided into floor tiles, interior wall tiles, and exterior wall tiles. When exterior wall tiles are used in cold regions in particular, tiles with a water absorption rate of less than 1% and a sole are used to prevent freezing and thawing.

Tile installation involves applying adhesive mortar to the base, attaching the tiles, and then finishing with grout mortar. Various installation methods have been devised to improve the adhesion of tiles and the efficiency of installation, but in recent years, for exterior walls, a more advanced method has been adopted in which tiles are pre-attached to the formwork and integrated with the concrete structure.

[Takahashi Taiichi]

Tiles are originally a practical building material used to decorate the exteriors, interior walls and floors of buildings, and to cover wet areas, but their origins date back to ancient times, when painted tiles were used in temples and tombs in Egypt and Mesopotamia in the 4000s BC. In the Islamic world, where tiles made a remarkable advance, they began to be used in mosques and royal palaces around the 13th century, and eventually spread to the homes of ordinary people. Meanwhile, in Europe, where marble was scarce, green and yellow lead-glazed tiles covered the floors of churches and palaces from the end of the Middle Ages in central Europe, but in the early modern period, when tin-glazed pottery began to be fired in the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule, decorative tiles were produced using various techniques introduced from the Orient and were used to decorate the entrances and waist-high walls of houses. Tin-glazed painted tiles flourished significantly in the Netherlands in the 17th century, and went beyond architectural decoration to include ceramic panel paintings and large tile paintings.

[Masaaki Maeda]

[Reference item] | Glazed tiles

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

建築物の仕上げ材として内外の床、壁に用いる平板状の粘土焼成品。ラテン語のtegula(「覆う」の意)から派生したことばで、床、壁、屋根などを覆う板状の材料を意味するが、外国では屋根用の瓦(かわら)をも含んだ意味に用い、日本では床と壁用に限って用いる。

 粘土焼成品は一般に耐火性、耐久性に優れ、十分使用に耐える耐水性、耐摩耗性のものが得られる。このため、古くはエジプトやバビロニアなどの王宮や宮殿の床材に使われるなど、世界各地で広く使われてきた。

 タイルには、自由な形状、寸法のものを大量に生産することができ、また釉薬(うわぐすり)を施して焼成することにより、薄物であっても品質、性能を飛躍的に向上させられ、さらにさまざまな色調、模様のものが得られ、建築の美しさを増すことができるなどの特長がある。また、比較的施工が簡単で、施工後に亀裂(きれつ)が生じたり変色したりすることはほとんどなく、左官仕上げに比べて費用の面では高いが、コンクリート構造部を保護し耐久性を高めるなどの利点がある。清掃性もよく、衛生面を要求される台所や浴室、洗面所、便所などに欠かせない材料といえる。

 タイルの種類を素地の質からみると、磁器質タイル、炻器(せっき)質タイル、半磁器質タイルおよび硬質陶器タイル、陶器質タイルに分けられる。一般に製法は、原料に珪砂(けいさ)、珪石、陶石、長石などの粉末に蛙目(がえろめ)や木節(きぶし)などの粘土を混ぜて用い、微粉砕して水練りし、成形して焼成(素焼き)し、施釉(せゆう)してふたたび焼成(本焼き)をする。磁器質タイルは、乾式法でプレス成形し、焼成温度は1250℃以上で、硬度が高く素地が磁器質化しているため吸水率は1%以内で、とくに耐久性がよい。床用、内外壁用として用いられる。モザイクタイル、階段用ノンスリップタイルもある。炻器質タイルは、湿式法で押出し成形し、焼成温度は1200~1350℃で、吸水率は5%程度である。床用タイルとして多く用いられるが、最近は厚手のタイルで外装用としてもよく用いられる。半磁器質タイル、硬質陶器タイルは、乾式法で、素地はほぼ白色、吸水率は15%以下で釉薬を施し、便所、浴室、洗面所の床に用いる。陶器質タイルは、乾式法で1000~1200℃で焼成して釉薬を施す。多孔質で20%近い吸水率がある。用途により、床用タイル、内壁用タイル、外壁用タイルに分けられる。とくに外壁用タイルを寒冷地に用いる場合は、凍結融解を防ぐために吸水率が1%以下で裏足のあるタイルを使用する。

 タイルの施工は、下地に張付けモルタルを施し、タイルを張り付けたのち、目地(めじ)モルタルで仕上げする。タイルの付着性と施工能率をよくするためさまざまな張り工法がくふうされているが、近年外壁用では、これをさらに進め、型枠にタイルを先付けしコンクリート躯体(くたい)と一体化する工法がよく用いられるようになってきている。

[高橋泰一]

 本来タイルは建築物の外装、内壁や床面を飾ったり、水回りを覆う実用的建築素材であるが、その起源は古く、紀元前4000年代のエジプトやメソポタミア地方では、彩色されたタイルが神殿や墳墓の一部に用いられていた。また、タイルが著しい発展をみたイスラム世界では、すでに13世紀ごろからモスクや王宮に用いられ始め、やがて民衆の住宅にまで用いられるようになった。他方ヨーロッパでは、中世の末期から、大理石の乏しい中部ヨーロッパで、鉛釉をかけた緑や黄色のタイルが教会や宮殿の床面を覆っていたが、近世初頭、イスラムの支配下にあったイベリア半島で錫釉陶器が焼かれるようになると、オリエントから伝えられたさまざまな技法の装飾タイルが生産され、住宅の玄関や腰壁を飾った。錫釉色絵タイルは17世紀に入ってオランダで著しい開花を示し、建築装飾を越えて、陶板画や大きなタイル絵が制作された。

[前田正明]

[参照項目] | 彩釉タイル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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