Parole

Japanese: parole

...It was supported by the idea of intimidation through punishment and external control of behavior through discipline. In the second half of the 19th century, the American system of probation, which was a suspension of sentence accompanied by probation, and the European system of suspended execution, which was modeled on it, were developed to avoid the negative effects of short-term imprisonment, which was criticized for only infecting prisoners with bad habits rather than improving them. In addition, the progressive treatment and parole system, which was practiced in penal colonies such as Australia, the parole system, which was a parole system accompanied by probation, and the good time system, which used early release to maintain discipline in prisons, were developed as ways to avoid incarceration itself. Treatment systems that not only avoid prison sentences but also actively aim to improve criminals began to become clear around the time of the Cincinnati Declaration in 1970.

From Saussure

…
[General Linguistics]
His Memoirs on the Primitive System of Vowels in Indo-European Languages (1878), published at the tender age of 21, was considered one of the achievements of the Younger School of Grammar, but it was already a book criticizing traditional historical linguistics, and its relational perspective was consistent with the general linguistic theory that was thought to have been completed by around 1894. Saussure first called the universal linguistic ability and symbolization activity of humans "langage," and divided it into the social aspect "langue" (language as a social institution) and the personal aspect "parole" (actual speech act). The latter two are similar concepts to code and message, but we must not forget that they are interdependent.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "parole" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…懲らしめによる威嚇と，規律による行動の外的統制の理念がそれを支えた。　19世紀後半には，アメリカの保護観察を伴った宣告猶予であるプロベーションprobationとそれに学んだヨーロッパ大陸の執行猶予制度が，受刑者を改善するよりも悪風に感染させるだけであると非難されていた短期自由刑の弊害を避けるために発展し，またオーストラリアなどの流刑地で行われた累進処遇制･仮釈放制や，保護観察を伴った仮釈放であるパロールparole，あるいは早期釈放を監獄内規律維持に使う善時good time制が拘禁自体の回避策として発展した。以上の実刑回避にとどまらず積極的に犯人改善を目ざしての処遇体制も，70年のシンシナティ宣言のころから明確になり始める。…

【ソシュール】より

…
［一般言語学］
　弱冠21歳で発表した《インド･ヨーロッパ諸語における母音の原初体系に関する覚書Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo‐européennes》(1878)は少壮(青年)文法学派の業績の一つと考えられていたが，これはすでに従来の歴史言語学への批判の書であり，その関係論的視座は1894年ころまでに完成したと思われる一般言語学理論と通底するものであった。ソシュールはまず人間のもつ普遍的な言語能力･シンボル化活動を〈ランガージュlangage〉とよび，これを社会的側面である〈ラングlangue〉(＝社会制度としての言語)と個人的側面である〈パロールparole〉(＝現実に行われる発話行為)とに分けた。後2者は，コードとメッセージに近い概念であるが，両者が相互依存的であることを忘れてはならない。…

※「parole」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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