Great Depression

Japanese: 大不況 - だいふきょう(英語表記)Great Depression
Great Depression
The New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 triggered a global depression. It is also called "Black Thursday" because the stock market crash began on a Thursday, October 24, and the Great Depression because its effects were felt all over the world. Stock prices fell to one-sixth of their previous levels, unemployment spread, production declined, and banks went bankrupt one after another. In 1933, the unemployment rate in the United States reached 25%, and real gross national product (GNP) fell to about 70% of its 1929 level. Each country raised tariffs and attempted to form economic blocs, and competed to devalue their currencies, causing world trade to fall into a shrinking equilibrium. After 1933, the United States adopted the New Deal policy and attempted to recover through expanding public investment. This depression was one of the triggers for the establishment of Keynesian economics, which holds that government measures to create demand are necessary during times of depression, and it became recognized that in order to prevent the world economy from falling into a shrinking equilibrium, it was necessary to create a framework to maintain the free trade system.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
1929年のニューヨーク株式市場の大暴落をきっかけに発生した世界的な恐慌。株価の大暴落が始まった 10月24日が木曜日だったため「暗黒の木曜日」ともいわれ,またこの影響が全世界に及んだので世界恐慌ともいわれる。株価は 6分の1にまで下がり,失業が拡大して生産は落ち込み,銀行も次々に倒産した。1933年のアメリカ合衆国の失業率は 25%に達し,実質国民総生産 GNPは 1929年の 70%程度まで低下した。各国は関税を引き上げてブロック経済化をはかったり,為替を競って切り下げたため,世界貿易は縮小均衡に陥ってしまった。アメリカは 1933年以降ニューディール政策をとり,公共投資の拡大などを通じて復興をはかった。この大不況が一つのきっかけとなって,不況期には政府の需要創出策が必要であるとするケインズ経済学が定着し,世界経済を縮小均衡に陥らせないためには,自由貿易体制を維持する枠組みをつくる必要があることが認識されるようになった。

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