This refers to the process of forming a lineage of more than one species in the evolutionary transition of living organisms. It is usually recognized as a major morphological change seen in a series of fossils of the same lineage over a geological time scale. Typical examples are the transitions from fish to amphibians, from reptiles to birds, and from reptiles to mammals. The term was first proposed by German and later American geneticist R.B. Goldschmidt in his book The Material Basis of Evolution (1940) as the opposite of microevolution, which means a change in gene frequency over time within a homogeneous population. He argued that new species are suddenly formed by a total change in the arrangement of chromosomes. This theory states that a promising monster is born in a large mutation. This idea, which refers to the causes of macroevolution, was rejected as heretical from the perspective of gradualism, which holds that macroevolutionary change is basically just the accumulation of microevolutionary changes. The question of whether macroevolution and microevolution are fundamentally the same process or different processes is still under debate and has not been completely resolved. If they are considered to be the same process, macroevolution becomes at best a convenient term to refer to a phase of evolution. However, especially since the 1970s, paleontologists Steven M. Stanley (1941- ) and Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002) have used new fossil evidence to argue against the tendency to rely solely on the gradual theory, and a great debate has ensued. This theory holds that major morphological changes in biological evolution occur rapidly in a short period of time, followed by a long period of stagnation with little change. It has also been deduced that some kind of large-scale mutation must have occurred behind the scenes. In fact, neither the gradual theory nor the punctuated equilibrium theory has fully explained how the differences and changes in chromosome structure (number and arrangement) between species occurred, except for plants, where gene duplication is widely seen in polyploids. How did Goldschmidt's "monster" come into being, and how did it pave the way (for example, what were the ecological conditions that made it possible)? Such questions can be seen as being raised again. [Akira Endo] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物の進化的変遷において、種以上の系統群の形成を示す過程のことをいう。通常、地質学的時間尺度で同系統の一連の化石にみられる大きな形態上の変化として認識される。魚類から両生類、さらに爬虫(はちゅう)類から鳥類、また爬虫類から哺乳(ほにゅう)類といった変遷はその典型例である。 同種個体群内の遺伝子頻度の継時的変化を意味する小進化の対語として、ドイツ、のちにアメリカの遺伝学者R・B・ゴルトシュミットが、その著書『The Material Basis of Evolution』(1940)で、初めて提唱した用語。彼は、新種は染色体の配列の全体的変化によって突然形成されると主張した。大突然変異のなかに前途有望な怪物hopeful monsterが生まれるとする説である。大進化の要因に言及したこの考えは、大進化的変化は基本的に小進化的変化の累積にすぎないとする漸進説の立場からは異端的見解として退けられた。大進化と小進化を基本的に同じ過程とみるか別の過程とみるかは、現在も論争中で完全な決着はついていない。かりに同じ過程とみなせるならば、大進化はせいぜい進化の局面をさす便宜的な用語になってしまう。しかし、とりわけ1970年以降、古生物学者のスタンレーSteven M. Stanley(1941― )やグールドStephen Jay Gould(1941―2002)などを中心に、新しい化石の証拠とともに、漸進説一辺倒の傾向に対して断続平衡説が唱えられ大論争がおこった。生物進化上の大きな形態変化は短期間に急速におこり、その後はあまり変化のない長い停滞期があったとする説である。その背後にはなんらかの大規模突然変異が生じたはずであるとも演繹(えんえき)されている。実際、各種で異なる染色体構造(数やその配列)の差や変化がどのようにしておこったのかは、遺伝子重複が倍数体の多くみられる植物では有力視されているほかは、漸進説はもちろん断続平衡説でも、その機構を十分説明していない。ゴルトシュミットのいう「怪物」はどのようにして生まれ、どのように前途を切り開いたのか(たとえば、可能な生態的条件はなんであったか)。そんな問題が再提起されているとみてよい。 [遠藤 彰] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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