Fetus - Taiji (English spelling)

Japanese: 胎児 - たいじ(英語表記)fetus
Fetus - Taiji (English spelling)

The embryo in the later stages of development of viviparous animals. In humans, the embryo is usually called the embryo up to 8 weeks after fertilization, and the fetus after that. In other words, after fertilization, the egg divides, and in about 2 weeks it becomes a spherical cell mass called the morula stage, and then the blastula stage. The period up to this stage is also called the gamete stage, and implantation into the uterine lining occurs during the blastula stage. This is followed by the embryonic stage, in which organs differentiate. From around the 4th week, the nervous system, vascular system, and sensory organs begin to differentiate, and around the 8th week, the primordia of each organ are formed, and organ formation is complete by the 12th week. The fetal stage is the period following this differentiation and development of organs, until the functions necessary for adapting to life outside the womb are completed. During this period, from 4 to 12 weeks, which is the very early stage of pregnancy, embryonic diseases (congenital abnormalities) can occur due to factors such as viral infections (rubella) in the mother, drug use, and X-ray exposure, and this period is also called the critical period for malformations.

Fetal development can be roughly estimated based on the number of months for both height and weight, but in recent years, detailed measurements have been made using ultrasound tomography. The average weight of a mature fetus is 3,000 grams and height 50 centimeters, but weight has increased in recent years, and the standard range is now 2,500 to 3,800 grams. Morphologically, the head is the largest part of the fetus, accounting for a quarter of the fetus's height, and the skull is larger than the face. The sutures of the head are mobile, and the joints between the sutures are open and called fontanelles. The fetal membrane, placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid are all appendages of the fetus, but the placenta is an especially important organ for the fetus, and through the placenta, the mother's body takes on the roles of the fetus's lungs, intestines, kidneys, etc.

[Masao Arai]

Fetal Blood Circulation

Fetuses have a unique blood circulation that does not require them to breathe with their own lungs. Half of the blood from the right atrium enters the left atrium directly through the foramen ovale, passes through the left ventricle, and then travels to the aorta and the rest of the body. The remaining half passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle and then to the pulmonary artery, but blood flows into the aorta through the ductus arteriosus between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, so that not only does very little blood reach the lungs, but almost equal amounts of blood flow to both sides of the heart. The blood that has traveled throughout the body reaches the placenta via the umbilical artery, where it exchanges substances with the maternal blood, passing waste products and receiving oxygen and nutrients, and then travels through the umbilical vein to the fetal liver, from where it travels to the right atrium.

When lung breathing begins after birth, the foramen ovale closes within a few minutes, the ductus botulinum contracts and closes, and blood flow rapidly changes to that of an adult. If this does not work properly, it can lead to cardiac anomalies such as patent ductus botulinum. Blood flow to the placenta is also closed at birth.

[Masao Arai]

Fetal growth limit

The time when a fetus can live outside the womb (growth limit) has been brought forward by advances in perinatal medicine, and in Japan it is set at 24 weeks. In other words, births after 24 weeks are considered premature, and at 24 weeks the fetus's height and weight are approximately 30 centimeters and 650 grams.

For information regarding the fetus during pregnancy and childbirth, please refer to the "Pregnancy" and "Childbirth" sections respectively.

[Masao Arai]

Legal issues

It refers to an unborn child in the womb. As a general rule, a person acquires personality (legal capacity) that is the subject of rights upon birth, a fetus does not have legal capacity (Civil Code, Article 3, Paragraph 1). However, adhering to this principle would result in disadvantages, such as fetuses not being able to inherit. Therefore, with regard to claims for damages (Civil Code, Article 721), inheritance (Civil Code, Article 886), and bequests (Civil Code, Article 965), a fetus is considered to have already been born and is treated as having legal capacity. However, the baby must not be stillborn and must be born alive.

In addition, when an unmarried woman is pregnant, the father of the fetus can acknowledge the fetus with the woman's (mother's) consent (Article 783 of the same law). Furthermore, the Criminal Code also protects fetuses, and if the cause for abortion does not fall under the grounds for induced abortion recognized by the Maternal Protection Law (Article 14 of the Maternal Protection Law), it is considered a crime of abortion (Articles 212-216 of the Criminal Code). Furthermore, as a result of the recent spread of in vitro fertilization, there is a debate as to whether a fertilized egg is also a fetus, or whether it is protected legally in the same way as a fetus even if it is not a fetus. This is an issue that has arisen in relation to the handling of fertilized eggs, such as what legal responsibility is borne in the case of the destruction of a fertilized egg, and is an issue that must be resolved in the future through legislative theory.

[Minoru Ishikawa and Masamitsu Nozawa]

[References] | Umbilical cord | Childbirth | Placenta | Pregnancy | Amniotic fluid
Fetal Blood Circulation
©Shogakukan ">

Fetal Blood Circulation


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

胎生動物の発生後期における胚(はい)で、ヒトの場合は普通、受精後8週までを胎芽embryoといい、それ以後を胎児とよんでいる。すなわち、受精後に卵分割が進み、約2週で球状の細胞集団となる桑実(そうじつ)期を経て胞胚期となるが、これまでの期間を配偶子期ともよび、子宮内膜への着床は胞胚期に行われる。これに続いて器官の分化する胎芽期に入るが、4週ころから神経系、脈管系、感覚器などが分化され始め、8週ころに各器官原基が形成されて12週までには器官形成が完成する。この器官の分化・発育に続いて、胎外生活への適応に必要な機能が完成するまでの期間を胎児期という。このうち、妊娠のごく初期である4~12週の期間中に、母体のウイルス感染(風疹(ふうしん))をはじめ、薬物服用やX線照射が要因となって胎芽病(先天異常)をおこすことがあり、この期間を奇形臨界期ともいう。

 胎児の発育は身長・体重ともに月数によって概算する方法もあるが、近年は超音波断層法によって詳しく計測されるようになった。成熟胎児の平均体重は3000グラム、身長は50センチメートルとされているが、近年は体重が増えており、標準値は2500~3800グラムとなっている。形態的には頭部がもっとも大きくて身長の4分の1を占め、顔面よりも頭蓋(とうがい)が大きい。また頭部の骨縫合は可動性で、各縫合の接点は開大していて泉門とよばれる。なお、卵膜、胎盤、臍帯(さいたい)、羊水はいずれも胎児の付属物であるが、とくに胎盤は胎児にとって重要な器官で、胎児の肺、腸、腎臓(じんぞう)などの役割を、胎盤を通して母体に代行してもらっている。

[新井正夫]

胎児の血液循環

胎児は自分の肺で呼吸する必要がなくてすむ独特の血液循環を行っている。すなわち、右心房の血液の半分は卵円孔を通して直接左心房に入り、左心室を経て大動脈から全身を回る。残りの半分は右心房から右心室を経て肺動脈に入るが、大動脈と肺動脈との間にあるボタロー管から血液は大動脈に流れ込み、肺には血液がほとんど達しないばかりでなく、心臓の左右ともほぼ同量の血液が流れるようになっている。なお、全身を回った血液は臍動脈を経て胎盤に達し、母体血との間で物質交換が行われ、老廃物を渡して酸素や栄養をもらった血液は、臍静脈を経て胎児の肝臓に達し、ここから右心房へ行く。

 出産後に肺呼吸が始まると、数分のうちに卵円孔はふさがり、ボタロー管は収縮して閉ざされ、血流は成人と同様になるよう急変する。これがうまくいかないと、ボタロー管開存症など心臓奇形となる。また、胎盤との血行も出生と同時に閉鎖される。

[新井正夫]

胎児の成育限界

胎児が胎外生活を行うことが可能な時期(成育限界)については、周産期医学の進歩によって早まり、日本では24週とされている。すなわち、24週以後の出産は早産となるわけであり、胎児の身長・体重は24週では30センチメートル、650グラム程度となっている。

 なお、妊娠・出産時における胎児についてはそれぞれ「妊娠」「出産」の項目を参照されたい。

[新井正夫]

法律問題

胎内にある出生前の子をいう。人は出生によって権利の主体となる人格(権利能力)を取得するのを原則とするため、胎児には権利能力がない(民法3条1項)。しかし、この原則を貫くと、胎児は相続することができないなどの不利益を生ずることとなる。そこで、胎児は、損害賠償の請求権(民法721条)、相続(同法886条)、および遺贈(同法965条)については、すでに生まれたものとみなされ、権利能力を有するものとして取り扱われる。ただし、死産であってはならず、生きて産まれることを要する。

 また、未婚の女性が妊娠しているときに、胎児の父はその女性(母)の承諾を得て胎児を認知することができる(同法783条)。さらに、刑法も胎児を保護しており、母体保護法によって認められている人工妊娠中絶事由(母体保護法14条)に該当しないときは、堕胎罪(刑法212条~216条)となるものとしている。さらに、近時は、体外受精が行われるようになった結果、受精卵も胎児か、胎児でないとしても胎児に準じて法的に保護されるかが論じられている。これは、受精卵を破壊したりした場合にどのような法的責任を負うかなど受精卵の取扱いとの関係で生じてきた問題であり、今後立法論的にも解決されなければならない問題である。

[石川 稔・野澤正充]

[参照項目] | 臍帯 | 出産 | 胎盤 | 妊娠 | 羊水
胎児の血液循環
©Shogakukan">

胎児の血液循環


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Master - Daishi

>>:  Taiji [town] - Taiji

Recommend

Monthly loan money - Gesshakusen

A type of usury practiced by central government of...

Akan language - Akango

…Official name: Republic of Côte d'IvoireRépu...

Women's Group - Onnagumi

...an age group of young women that was once form...

Eddy current clutch

...There are two types of clutches: one in which ...

Simone de Beauvoir

French novelist and thinker. Born on January 9th ...

Allgemeine Literaturzeitung - Allgemeine Literaturzeitung

...In Germany, the magazine Brief, die neueste Li...

Masajima Kengyo

Year of death: 1780 Year of birth: Unknown. A jiut...

Semiophorus vexillarius

…The plumage of these birds is generally camoufla...

Giant infant

What is the disease? External deformity ( Foreign...

Gjá (English spelling) (Iceland)

A rift in the earth that runs north and south thro...

Kyohaku

...Also, only Jing and Chou wear makeup, and the ...

Romulus - Romulus (English spelling) Rōmulus

A legendary hero who founded Rome and became its ...

Prayer text - Saimon

A written text recited during a divine festival. ...

Yellow Fat Disease

… In Japan, cats are often fed fish as their main...

Consol Public Bonds - Consolidated Annuities

A type of British government bond that began in 17...