University Special Officer - Daigaku Besso

During the Heian period, various clans established Zoushi (boarding houses) to provide an education for those from their clan. They were established as a solution to the lack of facilities for university students to live in, but only became Daigaku Besso when they were officially recognized as annexed to Daigakuryo. Although they were not under the direct control of the university, the boarders were university students, and they submitted a list of admissions as well as admissions to the university, and all lectures and exams were held at the university. They had books in storage, allowing students to study on their own. Furthermore, with the cooperation of influential members of the clan, they were run with ample finances, and students were given many conveniences in life. There were Kobun-in of the Wake clan, Kangaku-in of the Fujiwara clan, Gakukan-in of the Tachibana clan, and Shogaku-in of the O clan. These facilities were born out of an aristocratic society centered on clans.

[Tokuro Otsuka]

"Research on the Ancient Educational System by Momo Hiroyuki (1947, Meguro Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

平安時代、諸氏が、その氏(うじ)出身者の教育のために設けた曹司(ぞうし)（寄宿舎）。大学生(だいがくしょう)の寄宿のための施設不足に対する対策として生まれたものであるが、大学寮の付属のものとして公認されて初めて大学別曹となる。大学の直接の管理下にはないが、寄宿するのは大学生で、入院名簿を出すとともに、大学に入学の名簿を出し、講義、試験はすべて大学で行われた。書籍を蔵していて、学生の自習が可能なようになっていた。また氏の有力者の協力で、豊かな財政で運営され、学生は生活上多くの便宜を与えられた。和気(わけ)氏の弘文(こうぶん)院、藤原氏の勧学院、橘(たちばな)氏の学館院、王氏の奨学院があった。氏族中心の貴族社会が生んだ施設である。

［大塚徳郎］

『桃裕行著『上代学制の研究』（1947・目黒書店）』

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