Sonar - Sonar (English spelling)

Japanese: ソナー - そなー(英語表記)sonar
Sonar - Sonar (English spelling)

A device that uses sound waves to measure the distance to the seabed, ships, schools of fish, and other targets for navigational purposes. Abbreviation for sound navigation and ranging. There are two types of sonar: passive sonar and active sonar. Passive sonar is a receive-only sonar that measures the direction, distance, and strength of sounds emitted by ships and fish. Active sonar emits sound waves and receives the reflected sound from targets to measure direction and distance, and is classified as horizontal sonar and vertical sonar. However, vertical sonar is usually called an echo sounder or fish finder, and sonar usually refers to horizontal sonar.

The principle of sonar is to aim a transmitter in a certain direction, emit a pulse of sound, receive the reflected wave from that direction, and then repeat the same process in the next direction. In this respect it is the same as radar, but since the speed of underwater sound waves is slow at about 1500 meters per second, the antenna cannot rotate quickly, so the pulse repetition frequency must be lowered and special ingenuity is required, so there are the following methods.

(1) Fan-shaped scanning method: Scans only a few dozen degrees left and right from the bow.

(2) Spiral exploration method: A pulse is emitted from the transmitter in all directions, and a receiver with a narrow beam width and sharp directionality is rotated at high speed to receive the reflected waves returning from each direction in succession.

(3) Multiple detection method: Instead of rotating a single receiver as in the spiral detection method, several highly directional receivers are installed on the circumference of a circle, and signals are received by switching between them in sequence.

Sonar displays require three pieces of information - direction, distance, and depth - so they are difficult to display on a flat screen, but there are various ways to display the information.

There is also something called Doppler sonar, but this does not measure direction or distance; it is a device that measures a ship's speed by using the Doppler effect of sound waves.

[Yukito Iijima]

"Nautical Instrumentation, by Iseki Mitsugu and Shoji Kazutami (1950, Kaibundo)""Nautical Measurement, by Iijima Yukito and Hayashi Shogo (1986, Seizando Bookstore)""Radio Equipment and Ultrasonic Equipment -- From Radar to Fishfinders, by Okamoto Yukio (1987, Radio Operators Education Association, CQ Publishing)""Basic Nautical Instrumentation, by Yonezawa Yumio (1995, Seizando Bookstore)""Introduction to Marine Measurement Engineering, by Taguchi Kazuo and Tabata Masahiro (1997, Seizando Bookstore)"

[References] | Echo sounder | Fish finder | Doppler | Doppler effect | Radar
Active sonar (sector scanning method)
©Takashi Aoki

Active sonar (sector scanning method)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

音波を利用して海底、船舶、魚群その他の物標(目標となる物)との距離を測定し航海の用に供する装置。sound navigation and rangingの略語。パッシブソナーassive sonarとアクティブソナーactive sonarの2種がある。パッシブソナーは、船舶や魚が発する音の方向、距離、強さなどを測定する受信専用ソナーである。アクティブソナーは、音波を発射して物標からの反射音を受信し、方位、距離を測定する方式で、水平ソナーと垂直ソナーに分類される。ただし、垂直ソナーは通常、音響測深機、魚群探知機などとよばれ、ソナーといえば水平ソナーをさすのが普通である。

 ソナーは、ある方向に送波器を向けて音波のパルスを発射し、その方向からの反射波を受信してから次の方向に向けて同じ過程を繰り返すのが原則である。この点ではレーダーと同じであるが、水中音波の速度は毎秒約1500メートルと遅いので、アンテナを速く回転することができないから、パルスの繰り返し周波数を低くしなければならず、特別のくふうが必要なので、次のような方式がある。

(1)扇形(せんけい)走査方式 船首を中心として左右数十度だけを走査する。

(2)螺旋(らせん)状探査方式 送波器から全方向にパルスを発射し、ビーム幅の小さい鋭い指向性をもつ受波器を高速度で回転させて、各方向から帰ってくる反射波を次々に受信する。

(3)多重探査方式 螺旋状探査方式で1個の受波器を回転させるかわりに、鋭い指向性の受波器を円周上にいくつか装備しておき、これを順次切り替えて受信する。

 ソナーの表示では方向と距離と水深の三つの情報が必要なので、平面的な画面に表しにくいが、表示の方法もいろいろとくふうされている。

 ほかにドップラーソナーとよばれるものがあるが、これは方位・距離を測定するものではなく、音波のドップラー効果を利用して船の速力を測定する装置である。

[飯島幸人]

『伊関貢・庄司和民著『航海計器学』(1950・海文堂)』『飯島幸人・林尚吾著『航海計測』(1986・成山堂書店)』『岡本幸雄著『電波機器と超音波機器――レーダから魚群探知機まで』(1987・無線従事者教育協会・CQ出版発売)』『米沢弓雄著『基礎航海計器』(1995・成山堂書店)』『田口一夫・田畑雅洋著『海洋計測工学概論』(1997・成山堂書店)』

[参照項目] | 音響測深機 | 魚群探知機 | ドップラー | ドップラー効果 | レーダー
アクティブソナー(扇形走査方式)
©青木 隆">

アクティブソナー(扇形走査方式)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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