The act of composing and performing on the spot, without relying on visually fixed materials (such as sheet music or notes). It is also called improvisation. It can be broadly divided into partial improvisation, which adds improvisational embellishments to an existing piece or develops an existing theme, and total improvisation, which creates an entire piece of music by improvising. However, even performances that are "faithful to the sheet music" inevitably contain improvisational elements to various degrees, so in that sense, there is little justification for clearly dividing performances into improvised and non-improvised ones. In the Western Baroque period, coloratura, which adds improvised ornamentation to the melody of an aria, and basso continuo, which adds improvised chords to a given bass note, were seen. Improvisation, mainly on keyboard instruments, was also popular, resulting in many variations and fugues. In the Classical and Romantic periods, improvisation to develop a theme was popular, and Beethoven and Liszt were masters of this. In the 17th and 18th centuries, it became common for soloists to improvise cadenzas for concertos, but this gradually became fixed and the improvisational nature faded away. Since the 20th century, it has been rediscovered as an important means of incorporating chance and uncertainty into musical compositions. In jazz and popular music, it is called ad lib, and in jazz in particular, it is an important element in adding new melodies to existing songs and improvising within the constraints of chord progressions. In folk music, such as Indian music, some consider improvisation that develops themes within the constraints of raga (mode) and tala (meter) to be the essence of music. In either case, each performance almost always follows various norms, and there is some expected sound. Any deviation from these norms is usually unacceptable. Even in cultures where the act of composition has been limited to writing, it is impossible to compose music without considering the various internal and external factors that regulate performance (instruments, performance practices, the body, etc.), and at the same time, it is impossible to clearly express all norms of performance in written form. [Ryūji Uta] "Improvisation" by Derek Bailey, translated by Kenichi Takeda et al. (1993, Kousakusha) [References] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
視覚的に定着されたもの(楽譜、覚え書きなど)によらず、その場で作曲し演奏する行為。インプロビゼーションimprovisationともいう。既存の曲に即興的装飾を加えたり、既存の主題を即興的に発展させる部分的即興演奏と、楽曲全体を即興的に創作する全体的即興演奏に大別される。しかし、「楽譜に忠実な」演奏もさまざまなレベルで即興的要素を必然的に含んでおり、その意味では、演奏を即興とそうでないものとに明確に二分する根拠は希薄である。 西洋のバロック期では、アリアの旋律に即興的装飾を加えるコロラトゥーラや、与えられた低音に即興的に和音をつける通奏低音法などがみられる。また、おもに鍵盤(けんばん)楽器による即興演奏も盛んで、多くの変奏曲やフーガなどが生まれた。古典派、ロマン派では主題を発展させる即興が盛んで、ベートーベン、リストらはその名手であった。17、18世紀には協奏曲のカデンツァをソリストが即興演奏するのが盛んになったが、しだいに固定化され、即興性は薄れていった。20世紀以降では楽曲に偶然性や不確定性を取り入れる重要な手段として、ふたたび見直されている。 ジャズやポピュラー音楽ではアド・リブといわれ、とくにジャズでは既存曲に新旋律を付加したり、和音進行の制約のなかで即興演奏するなど重要な要素となっている。民族音楽でも、インド音楽のように、ラーガ(旋法)やターラ(拍節法)の制約のなかで主題を展開させる即興演奏を音楽の本質と考えるものもある。 いずれの場合も、個々の演奏はさまざまな規範に従っているのがほとんどであり、そこにはなんらかの期待される音がある。それから大きく逸脱した演奏は受け入れられないのが普通である。作曲行為が書くことに限定されてきた文化においても、演奏を規制するさまざまな内的・外的要因(楽器、演奏慣習、身体など)を無視した作曲はありえず、同時に演奏の規範をすべて書かれたものとして明示することは不可能なのである。 [卜田隆嗣] 『デレク・ベイリー著、竹田賢一他訳『インプロヴィゼーション』(1993・工作舎)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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