Saussure, Ferdinand de

Japanese: ソシュール（英語表記）Saussure， Ferdinand de

Born: November 26, 1857, Geneva
Died: February 22, 1913. Geneva Swiss linguist and professor at the University of Geneva (1901-13). He had a decisive influence on 20th century linguistics and is also known as the father of structuralist linguistics. He himself only wrote a few papers in the field of comparative Indo-European grammar, but he is particularly famous for his Notes on the Proto-Indo-European Vowel System (1878), in which he established new phonemes in Proto-Indo-European. In the history of linguistics, he published Cours de linguistique générale (1916), a collection of lectures he gave at the University of Geneva that were edited and published after his death by C. Bailly and A. Sessuet. In this book, he argues that language activity is divided into langue and parole, that linguistics should primarily focus on langue, and that a clear distinction should be made between synchronic and diachronic linguistics as research methods. They emphasized that the essence of language is a symbol system made up of elements that are in conflict with each other and each has its own value. These theories played a decisive role in directing linguistic research, which at the time was focused on the historical aspect, towards descriptive linguistics, and in providing a structure and systematic framework to descriptions, which tended to be a collection of individual things. They directly became the origin of the Geneva School, and indirectly became the starting point of structural linguistics in Europe and the United States.

Saussure
Saussure, Nicolas Théodore de

Born: 1767. Geneva
Died in 1845. A botanist from Geneva, Switzerland. His father was a famous Alpine explorer. He conducted extensive research on plant nutrient uptake and carbon dioxide assimilation. In particular, his important achievements include proving that carbon dioxide (carbonic acid gas) is essential not only for plant growth but also for plant survival, that plants release oxygen during carbon dioxide assimilation, and that this does not occur unless exposed to light. He also demonstrated that the ash remaining after burning plants is derived from minerals absorbed by the roots from the soil, and realized that these minerals play an essential role in plant growth. All of these conclusions were based on quantitative experiments, and his book Recherches chimiques sur la végétation (1804) became one of the cornerstones of research on the nutritional physiology of plants.

Saussure
Saussure, Horace Benédict de

Born: February 17, 1740, Geneva
Died January 22, 1799. Geneva Swiss physicist, geologist, and father of Alpine mountaineering. In 1762, he became professor of physics and philosophy at the Geneva Academy. In 1766, he developed what was probably the world's first electrometer. He first used the word "geology" in the first volume of his book "Voyages dans les Alpes" (1779-96), which summarized the results of his geological research over more than 30 years. In 1783, he invented a hygrometer (hair hygrometer) that used human hair. He also conducted experiments to investigate the origins of granite.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1857.11.26. ジュネーブ
[没]1913.2.22. ジュネーブ
スイスの言語学者，ジュネーブ大学教授 (1901～13) 。 20世紀の言語学に決定的な影響を与え，構造主義言語学の祖とも呼ばれる。みずからは印欧語比較文法の分野で少数の論文を残しただけであるが，そのなかでは印欧祖語に新しい音素を設定した『インド＝ヨーロッパ諸語の母音の原体系についての覚え書』 (1878) が特に有名である。言語学史上，重要な意義をもつのは，ジュネーブ大学での講義を彼の死後 C.バイイと A.セシュエが編集して出版した『一般言語学講義』 Cours de linguistique générale (1916) で，ここでは，言語活動をラングとパロールに分け，言語学はまずラングを対象とするものであり，その研究法として共時言語学と通時言語学とを峻別すべきことを説く。そして，言語の本質は互いに対立をなしておのおのの価値をもつ要素から成る記号体系であると強調する。これらの学説は，当時歴史的な面に集中していた言語研究を記述言語学へと向わせ，個別的なものの寄せ集めになりがちだった記述に構造，体系の骨組みを与えるうえに決定的な役割を果し，直接的にジュネーブ学派の祖となるとともに，間接的には欧米の構造言語学の出発点となった。

ソシュール
Saussure， Nicolas Théodore de

[生]1767. ジュネーブ
[没]1845. ジュネーブ
スイスの植物学者。父は高名なアルプス探検家。植物の養分摂取や炭酸同化について広範な研究を行なった。とりわけ，生長のみならず植物の生存にとっても二酸化炭素 (炭酸ガス) が必須であり，炭酸同化の際に植物が酸素を放出すること，光が当っていなければそれが起らないことを明らかにしたのは重要な業績とされる。また，植物を焼いたあとに残る灰は根が土中より吸収した無機物に由来することを立証し，それら無機物が植物の生長にとって本質的な役割を果すことに気づいた。以上のような結論はすべて定量的な実験に基づいて引出されており，著書『植物に関する化学的研究』 Recherches chimiques sur la végétation (1804) は，植物の栄養生理に関する研究にとって礎石の一つとなった。

ソシュール
Saussure, Horace Bénédict de

[生]1740.2.17. ジュネーブ
[没]1799.1.22. ジュネーブ
スイスの物理学者，地質学者，アルプス登山の祖。1762年にジュネーブ・アカデミーの物理学，哲学教授に就任。1766年，おそらく世界初の電位計を開発した。30年以上に及ぶ地質学研究の成果をまとめた著作 "Voyages dans les Alpes"（1779～96）第1巻で，「地質学」ということばを初めて使用した。1783年，ヒトの毛髪を使った湿度計（毛髪湿度計）を考案した。花崗岩の起源の調査実験なども行なった。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

<<: Su Jun

>>: Suzhou language - Soshugo