Dicotyledonous plants - Dicotyledonous plants

Japanese: 双子葉植物 - そうしようしょくぶつ
Dicotyledonous plants - Dicotyledonous plants

This refers to angiosperms that have two cotyledons, and is a classification group that is different from monocotyledons. The first person to take up the number of cotyledons as an important classification character was the Frenchman M. Lobelius de L'Ober (1538-1618), who later used this to classify plants into three groups: acotyledons (cryptogams), monocotyledons, and dicotyledons, which became the starting point of natural classification. Although dicotyledons have two cotyledons, there are some species with one cotyledon or three or more. This is thought to be due to fusion of the cotyledons or shortening of one side. However, this characteristic of the number of cotyledons is stable within the same species. For example, Eranthis pinnatifida, Dicentra peregrina, and Pinguicula vulgaris var. macroceras are always monocotyledonous, while the genus Degeneria shows three cotyledons and the genus Pittosporum shows three or four polycotyledons.

Dicotyledonous plants have a wide variety of life forms (shapes), including woody plants, herbs, annual plants, and perennial plants. Leaves differentiate into petioles and blades, and some have stipules, while others have sheath-like bases. Primary veins include pinnate, palmate, and trilateral veins, while secondary veins are reticulate. Stems are often true pilasters, and between the xylem and phloem there is a vascular cambium, which undergoes secondary thickening growth. As a result, a large amount of secondary xylem is formed, which becomes wood. Flowers consist of floral leaves such as sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, and are often pentamerous, but can also be tetrameloid or triploid. Primitive floral leaves tend to be separate, while more advanced ones tend to be fused. Based on this, dicotyledonous plants can be broadly classified into sympetalous and polypetalous. Looking at flowers from an evolutionary perspective, a transition from radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry can be seen. When seeds germinate, some of the cotyledons emerge above ground, while others remain underground. The shoot grows between the cotyledons, and the root develops into the taproot, but the taproot often dies and develops adventitious roots from the hypocotyl.

[Akiko Sugiyama]

[Reference item] | Monocots

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

被子植物のうち、子葉の数が2個のものをいい、単子葉植物に対する分類群。子葉の数を重要な分類形質として最初に取り上げたのはフランスのロベールM. Lobelius de L'Ober(1538―1618)で、のちにジュシューがこれに基づいて無子葉植物(隠花植物)、単子葉植物、双子葉植物の三群を分類し、これが自然分類の出発点ともなった。双子葉植物の子葉は2個とはいっても、なかには子葉が1個、あるいは3個以上の種類もある。これは、子葉の癒合や一方の短縮によるとも考えられている。しかし、こうした子葉の数の特徴は同一種内では安定している。たとえばセツブンソウEranthis pinnatifida、コマクサDicentra peregrina、ムシトリスミレPinguicula vulgaris var. macrocerasなどはつねに単子葉性を示し、デゲネリア属では3個、トベラ属では3個ないし4個といった多子葉性を示す。

 双子葉植物の生活型(形)には多様性があり、木本、草本、一年草、多年草とさまざまである。葉は葉柄と葉身に分化し、托葉(たくよう)のあるもの、基部が鞘(さや)状になるものなどがある。一次脈には羽状脈、掌状脈、三行脈などがみられ、二次脈は網目状になる。茎は多くの場合真正中心柱で、木部と篩(し)部の間には維管束形成層があり、二次肥大成長を行う。この結果として多量に形成された二次木部は材となる。花は萼片(がくへん)、花弁、雄蕊(ゆうずい)(雄しべ)、雌(し)蕊(雌しべ)などの花葉からなり、多くの場合五数性だが、四数性や三数性などもある。花葉は原始的なものでは離生し、進化したものでは合着する傾向を示す。これに基づいて、双子葉植物は合弁花類と離弁花類に大きく分類することができる。花を進化のうえからみると、放射相称から左右相称への移行が認められる。種子が発芽して生じる子葉には、地上に出るものと地中に残るものとがある。幼芽は子葉の間から伸び、幼根は発達して主根になるが、主根が枯死して胚軸(はいじく)などから不定根を発達させることも多い。

[杉山明子]

[参照項目] | 単子葉植物

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