For example, Elman R. Service, in his book Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective (1962), discusses in detail the band, tribal, and chiefdom stages, and then the primitive state and ancient empire. Although from a different perspective, Max Gluckman also wrote Custom and Conflict in Africa (1955), which dynamically describes a situation in which peace is maintained through the existence of tension and conflict, also set in African tribes, and Georges Balandier discussed political organizations in crisis in Political Anthropology (1971). It is expected that serious political anthropological research will emerge not only in Africa but also in the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and South Asia in the future. From [Rite of Passage]... American anthropologists ED Chapple and C.S. Coon called various annual events found in various cultures rites of intensification, as an attempt to overcome the crisis that the change of seasons brings to social life, and tried to elucidate the nature of rites of passage from this perspective, seeing similar opportunities in life rituals. M. Gluckman also considered rites of passage to have the function of avoiding the instability of social relations when an individual's status changes. V. Turner's theory of "communitas" as a structureless, systemless situation seen in groups in a period of change develops Van Gennep's concept of "transition" in rites of passage, and attempts to approach the essence of rituals symbolically from their unlimited attributes. ... *Some of the terminology that mentions "Gluckman, M." is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…たとえばサービスElman R.Serviceはその《未開の社会組織――進化論的展望Primitive Social Organization:An Evolutionary Perspective》(1962)でバンド段階,部族段階,首長制段階について詳しく論じ,さらに原始国家,古代帝国が続くと位置づけている。立場は異なるがグラックマンMax Gluckmanはやはりアフリカの諸部族を舞台として,緊張・対立の存在によって逆に平和が維持されている状況をダイナミックに説く《アフリカの慣習と葛藤Custom and Conflict in Africa》(1955)を書き,バランディエGeorges Balandierは《政治人類学》(1971)で危機状況の政治組織を論じた。アフリカのみならず中東,中南米,東南アジアあるいは南アジア諸国についても今後本格的な政治人類学的研究の出現が期待される。… 【通過儀礼】より… アメリカの人類学者チャプルE.D.ChappleとクーンC.S.Coonは,各文化に見られる種々の年中行事を,季節の推移が社会生活にもたらす危機を克服しようとするものだとして,これを強化儀礼と呼び,人生儀礼の中にも同様の契機を見て,この視点から通過儀礼の性格を解明しようとした。またグラックマンM.Gluckmanは通過儀礼を個人の身分が変化するにあたって,その社会関係が不安定化するのを避けようとする機能をもつものと考えた。ターナーV.Turnerの,変動期の集団に見られる無構造・無体制的状況としての〈コミュニタスcommunitas〉論は,ファン・ヘネップの通過儀礼における〈過渡〉の概念を発展させ,その無限定的属性から象徴論的に儀礼の本質に迫ろうとしたものである。… ※「Gluckman,M.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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