Song - Yes

Japanese: 宋 - そう

(1) A princely state in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. A member of the Yin royal family was appointed and took over their religious rites. Culture flourished and commerce developed, but after the Warring States Period, the state was among the great powers and its power did not flourish. In 286 BCE, it was divided into three states, Qi, Chu, and Wei, and was destroyed. (2) One of the Southern Dynasties of China. In 420, Liu Yu (Emperor Wu) was handed over the dynasty by the Eastern Jin Dynasty and founded the state (Zenyo Houbo). Liu Yu's son, Emperor Wen, put the domestic affairs in order and was called the Yuanjia Era, but he suffered successive failures in battles with the Northern Wei Dynasty, and eventually civil war broke out, and in 478, the eighth generation, the state was seized by the military commander Xiao Daocheng (Emperor Gao of Qi). (3) A unified dynasty in China. After Shizong's death in 960, Zhao Kuangyin (Taizou), a military commander of the Later Zhou Dynasty, was supported by his subordinates and ascended to the throne. It lasted for about three centuries until the emperor was destroyed by the Yuan Dynasty in 1279. The period up to the Jingkang Incident in 1127 is called the Northern Song Dynasty, and the period thereafter is called the Southern Song Dynasty. The capital was originally Benjing (Kaifeng), but in the Southern Song Dynasty it was Lin'an (Hangzhou). In 982 under Taizong, China was unified, and the foundation of the dynasty was solidified, but externally, the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun were ceded to the Liao Dynasty due to the alliance of Senyuan. The Song Dynasty adopted a system of state households, official households, and imperial examinations in an attempt to centralize power, and established a monarchical dictatorship based on civil rule, but it faced strong external pressure from the Liao, Jin, Western Xia, and Mongol Empires, and had the smallest territory of any of the unified dynasties in history. It reached its peak during the reigns of Renzong and Shenzong, but due to the emergence of dissatisfied elements as social evolution progressed and the weakening of the military due to civil rule, Wang Anshi was appointed to the throne and new laws were implemented, but these were not implemented thoroughly, and political instability continued at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, leading to an invasion by the Jin. The Song Dynasty, which blocked the Jin's advance south along the Qinling and Huai River lines, increased its economic power through the development of Jiangnan through population migration, but it was subject to pressure from the Jin and the Mongol Empire, which had destroyed the Jin. In 1276, Emperor Sejo of the Yuan Dynasty sent Bayan to take Lin'an, effectively destroying the Song Dynasty, but Wen Tianxiang and others fled to Gaishan Island in Guangzhou Bay and resisted, eventually destroying the dynasty in 1279. Agriculture and handicrafts developed dramatically during the Song Dynasty, and there were many notable cultural developments, such as the development of porcelain (celadon), technical developments in painting, and the emergence of neo-Confucianism (Song learning). The dynasty also had strong ties with Japan, and trade between the two countries flourished, especially from the second half of the 12th century onwards.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

（１）中国，春秋戦国時代の侯国。殷(いん)の王族が封ぜられ，その祭祀を継いだ。文化が栄え，商業が発達したが，戦国時代以後は大国の間にあって国勢は振るわなかった。前286年，斉・楚・魏の３国に分割されて滅亡。（２）中国南朝の一国。420年劉裕（武帝）が東晋から王朝を譲られて建国（禅譲放伐）。劉裕の子の文帝は内政を整え，元嘉の治といわれたが，北魏との交戦に失敗が続き，やがて内乱が起こり，478年，８代にして武将の蕭道成（斉の高帝）に国を奪われた。（３）中国の統一王朝。後周世宗の武将趙匡胤(ちょうきょういん)（太祖）が960年世宗の没後，部下に擁立されて即位し，1279年帝【へい】が元に滅ぼされるまで，約３世紀続いた。1127年靖康の変までを北宋，それ以後を南宋という。首都は初めは【べん】京(べんけい)（開封），南宋では臨安（杭州）に定めた。太宗の982年中国を統一し，王朝の基礎を固めたが，対外的には【せん】淵(せんえん)の盟により，燕雲(えんうん)十六州は遼に割譲されたままであった。形勢戸・官戸・科挙等の制を採って，中央集権化を図り，文治主義による君主独裁制を樹立したが，遼・金・西夏・モンゴル帝国等の外圧は強く，歴代統一王朝中，最小の版図であった。仁宗・神宗代に極盛期を迎えたが，社会進化に伴う不平分子の発生と，文治主義による弱兵化のため，王安石を登用して新法を実施したが徹底せず，北宋末には政局不安が続き，金の侵入を受けた。秦嶺・淮水(わいすい)の線で金の南進を阻止した宋は，人口の移住による江南開発で，経済力は増したが，金や金を滅ぼしたモンゴル帝国の圧迫を受けた。1276年元の世祖はバヤンを派遣して臨安を落とし，宋朝は事実上滅んだが，文天祥らは広州湾の【がい】山島にのがれ抵抗し，79年滅亡した。宋代には農業と手工芸が飛躍的に発達し，文化の面では磁器（青磁），絵画における技法的発達，新儒学（宋学）の発生など見るべきものが多かった。日本との関係も深く，とくに12世紀後半以降日宋貿易が盛んに行われた。
→関連項目会子｜魏｜魏晋南北朝時代｜グユク｜五代十国｜春秋戦国時代｜蜀｜斉｜楚｜中華人民共和国｜陳和卿｜南宋｜南北朝｜モンケ｜大和政権｜六朝文化｜遼

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