In general, it refers to ethnic groups that were unilaterally integrated into nations by dominant groups as the "modernization" originating in Europe unfolded worldwide, but whose existence as an ethnic group and unique culture were denied and who were forced to assimilate through colonial policies. In English, it is called indigenous peoples. It is also called indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples are not considered to be indigenous peoples, but rather to be self-identified, just as the establishment of a sovereign state begins with the self-declaration of a nation, and are not defined from the outside. In this respect, "indigenous peoples" are not anthropological concepts, but political science concepts. Typical indigenous peoples include the indigenous peoples of North and South America, who have been called "Indians" (American Indians) or "Indio" with discriminatory connotations, the Sámi of the Arctic, the Aborigines of Australia, the Maori of New Zealand, and the Ainu of East Asia. Furthermore, many ethnic groups in Asia and Africa claim to be "indigenous peoples" from the viewpoint that the liberation of colonies after World War II only opened the colonies to the major ethnic groups in the region, and colonial rule continues under the pretext of "nation-building." According to UN estimates, there are approximately 300 million "indigenous peoples" living in more than 70 countries around the world. Although there are large differences in their cultures and environments, they have experienced a common history, as symbolized by the situation in the Americas since the arrival of Columbus. In addition to human rights violations such as genocide and oppression, they have been forced to endure almost all of the contradictions of modern society, including today's global environmental problems, such as the destruction of living environments due to large-scale development, forced relocations, poverty, and discrimination. However, in the international community centered on the UN, they have actively developed movements for the right to self-determination and land rights (see the Mabo decision), and with the "International Year of the Indigenous Peoples" in 1993 and the "International Decade of Indigenous Peoples" from 1995 to 2004 as catalysts, widespread international understanding and the restoration of concrete rights are being realized. Representative international organizations of indigenous peoples include the International Indian Treaty Council, the World Council of Indigenous Peoples, the Inuit Circumpolar Council, and the Sámi Council. In Japan, the Ainu Culture Promotion Act was enacted in 1997. → Related topics Indian reservations | UN NGOs | Nationalism | Nunavut Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
一般に,ヨーロッパを起源とする〈近代化〉が世界的に展開する中で支配的集団により一方的に国家に統合されながら,民族としての存在と固有の文化を否定され,その植民地政策によって同化を強制された民族的集団をさす。英語でindigenous peoples。先住民とも。先住民族の認定には,どちらが先に住んでいたかの〈先住性〉や,何が民族であるかの〈民族性〉の問題は副次的であり,主権国家の成立が自己の国家宣言に始まるように,外部から定義されるのではなく,自己認定によるとされる。この点,〈先住民族〉は人類学の概念ではなく,政治学の概念である。典型的な先住民族としては,〈インディアン〉(アメリカ・インディアン),〈インディオ〉と差別的な意味を込めて呼称されてきた南北アメリカ大陸の先住民族,北極圏のサーミ,オーストラリアのアボリジニー,ニュージーランドのマオリ,東アジアのアイヌなどがある。また第2次世界大戦後の植民地解放は,それまでの植民地を地域の主要な民族に解放しただけで,〈国民形成〉という名目での植民地支配が継続しているという視点から,アジア・アフリカにおいても多くの民族的集団が自らを〈先住民族〉と主張している。 国連の推計によれば〈先住民族〉は世界70ヵ国以上に約3億人が生活しているとされ,その文化や環境には大きな違いがあるものの,コロンブス到達以降のアメリカ大陸の状況に象徴される共通の歴史を体験してきた。また,虐殺や弾圧などによる人権侵害のほか,大規模開発による生活環境の破壊,強制移住,貧困,差別など,今日の地球環境問題を含めて,近代社会のほとんどすべての矛盾を押しつけられてきた。しかし国連機構を中心とした国際社会で,自決権や土地権獲得などの積極的な運動を展開し(〈マボ判決〉参照),1993年の〈国際先住民年〉や1995年―2004年の〈先住民の国際10年〉などを契機に,広範な国際理解と具体的な権利回復が実現されつつある。先住民族の国際的な組織としては,国際インディアン条約評議会,世界先住民族評議会,イヌイット周極会議,サーミ評議会などが代表的なものである。日本でも1997年に〈アイヌ文化振興法〉が制定されている。 →関連項目インディアン保留地|国連NGO|ナショナリズム|ヌナブト 出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報 |
<<: Final performance - Final performance
A perennial plant of the Cyperaceae family, also c...
...It grows in warm areas from Honshu to Kyushu, ...
[1] 〘Ta Ma 5 (4)〙① To cut the opponent's body ...
A general term for lizards belonging to the family...
⇒ Scherzo Source: About Shogakukan Digital Daijise...
…Upper waters are further divided on the T - S di...
This disease occurs on the leaves, branches, frui...
Also written as "dofuku," it is said to ...
A Chinese scholar and poet during the Qianlong pe...
The relationship between humans and between human...
...As one researcher commented, "It's li...
Also known as hon-gin-gaeshi. Real estate transact...
... Music is often associated with performing art...
Chechnya is the capital of the Republic of Chechny...
A representative French painter of the 17th centur...