Criminal Record - Zenka

Japanese: 前科 - ぜんか
Criminal Record - Zenka

Having been convicted and sentenced to a crime. The terms "criminal record" and "ex-offender" are generally used, but they do not necessarily have any legal basis. However, in administrative, and especially legal, practice, the names of ex-offenders, especially those who have been sentenced to a fine or more, are customarily recorded in a register. There are three types of ex-offenders: (1) municipalities keep a register of criminals to create a register of voters for voting and eligibility to be elected, and to check whether there are any disqualifications for certain occupations. (2) The Public Prosecutor's Office and the Ministry of Justice Corrections Bureau register criminal records for the purposes of criminal trials and the execution of sentences, such as the issuance of suspended sentences and the aggravation of repeated offenses. (3) For the convenience of criminal investigations, the National Police Agency creates and keeps fingerprint cards of ex-offenders. It goes without saying that such registers of ex-offenders are not made public.

In addition, in order to alleviate the disadvantages associated with a criminal record, the current law has a system for nullifying the effect of a sentence, which allows a criminal record to be expunged. In other words, if a sentence of imprisonment or more is not imposed, the sentence will lapse and the criminal record will be erased for 10 years after the completion of the sentence or exemption, if the sentence is a fine or less, the same will be true for 5 years, and if the exemption is a fine or more, the same will be true for 2 years after the sentence is finalized (Penal Code, Article 34-2). In addition, if a suspended sentence is not revoked and the grace period has elapsed (Penal Code, Article 27), or if the right to life is restored through amnesty (Amnesty Law, Article 10), the criminal record will also be erased from the criminal register.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

[Reference] | Criminal Register

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

有罪の確定判決により、刑に処せられたこと。一般に「前科」とか「前科者」ということばが用いられるが、これにはかならずしも法令上の根拠があるわけではない。ただ、行政、とくに法務関係の実務において、慣行上、前科者、とくに罰金以上の刑に処せられた者の氏名等が名簿に記載されている。これには次の3種がある。すなわち、(1)選挙権・被選挙権に関する選挙人名簿を作成したり、特定の職業につく場合の欠格事由の有無を確かめるために、市区町村は犯罪人名簿を保管している。(2)刑の執行猶予の言渡しや累犯加重など、刑事裁判や刑の執行における必要から、検察庁、法務省矯正局は前科の登録を行っている。(3)犯罪捜査の便宜から、警察庁は前科者の指紋カードを作成し、保管している。このような前科者の名簿は非公開とされていることはいうまでもない。

 なお、前科に伴う不利益を救済するために、現行法には刑の言渡しの効力を消滅させる制度があり、これによって前科の抹消が行われる。すなわち、禁錮以上の刑は執行終了または免除後10年間、罰金以下の場合は同じく5年間、刑の免除は言渡し確定後2年間、罰金以上の刑に処せられなければ、刑の言渡しが失効して前科の事実はなくなる(刑法34条の二)。また、刑の執行猶予の言渡しを取り消されることなく猶予期間を経過した場合(同法27条)や、恩赦による復権(恩赦法10条)も同様に犯罪人名簿の前科登録が抹消される。

[名和鐵郎]

[参照項目] | 犯罪人名簿

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