A self-help action taken by a country whose rights have been violated by an illegal act under international law in order to request the aggressor to cease and desist from the act. Even if such an act is illegal in itself, its illegality is precluded. In contrast, an act that is not illegal under international law but is merely unjust and is taken to request the cessation of such an act is called retortion, and is distinguished from retaliation. In the case of retaliation, illegal acts cannot be used. Methods of retaliation have included the suspension of the implementation of treaties, the detention of the opposing country's nationals, ships, and cargo, blockade in peacetime, and occupation of the opposing country's territory, but retaliation involving the use of force is currently prohibited. For example, the Declaration of Friendly Relations adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970 states that "States have the duty to refrain from acts of retaliation involving the use of force." In addition, self-help actions taken in wartime to request the cessation of or to counter an enemy's violation of the laws of warfare are specifically called wartime retaliation. Even if such acts were originally against the laws of warfare, their illegality is precluded. However, currently, reprisals against civilians, wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, etc. are prohibited. [Yasuo Ishimoto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国際法上の違法な行為によって権利を侵害された国家が、加害国に対してその中止・救済を求めるために行う自救行為。このような行為は、本来ならばそれ自体違法なものであっても、その違法性が阻却される。それに対して、国際法上は違法ではなく単に不当な行為に対してその中止を求めて行われるものは、報復retorsionといわれ、復仇とは区別される。報復の場合には、違法行為を用いることはできない。復仇の手段としては、条約の履行停止、相手国国民・船舶・貨物の抑留、平時封鎖、相手国領土の占領などが行われてきたが、現在では武力の行使を伴う復仇は禁止されている。たとえば、1970年に国連総会が採択した友好関係宣言は、「国は、武力の行使を伴う復仇行為を慎む義務を有する」としている。このほか、戦時において敵国の交戦法規違反に対して、その中止を求め、または対抗するために行われる自救行為を、とくに戦時復仇という。このような行為は、本来は交戦法規に違反するものであっても、違法性が阻却される。もっとも現在では、文民、傷病兵、捕虜などを対象とする復仇は禁止されている。 [石本泰雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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