American virologist and medical scientist. Born in Białystok, Poland, which was then part of Russia, he moved to the United States with his parents in 1921 and later became a citizen. He studied at New York University, receiving his degree in 1931. After working at Bellevue Hospital in New York City and the Rockefeller Institute, he became a professor at the University of Cincinnati. He worked at the Weizmann Institute in Israel from 1970 to 1972, and later became a professor at the University of Southern California School of Medicine. He worked for over 20 years to develop a live vaccine to prevent polio, and succeeded in developing the live oral polio vaccine (Sabin vaccine) around 1956 by subcultivating the toxicity of a highly virulent wild poliovirus through monkey kidney cell cultures. In 1960 (Showa 35), a polio epidemic occurred in Japan, and in the midst of this, live oral polio vaccines made in the Soviet Union (at the time) and Canada were urgently imported in July 1961, and administration began, which quickly subsided the epidemic. After this, Sabin transferred the virus strains (types 1, 2, and 3) for the live polio vaccine to Japan, and in 1962, the Japan Live Polio Vaccine Institute (now the Japan Polio Institute) began producing the live oral polio vaccine according to the conditions Sabin set out. Sabin also transferred all of the virus strains to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, in cooperation with Rotary Club International, the organization is working to eradicate polio by 2005. [Tsunezaburo Fujino] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカのウイルス学者、医学者。当時ロシア領であったポーランドのビャウィストクに生まれ、1921年両親とともにアメリカに渡り、のち市民権を得た。ニューヨーク大学に学び、1931年学位を取得。ニューヨーク市ベルビュー病院、ロックフェラー研究所を経て、シンシナティ大学教授となった。1970~1972年イスラエルのワイズマン研究所に勤め、以後、南カリフォルニア医科大学教授。二十数年間ポリオの予防のための生ワクチンの開発に努め、野生の強毒ポリオウイルスをサルの腎(じん)細胞培養で継代してその毒性を減弱し、1956年ごろ経口ポリオ生ワクチン(セービンワクチン)の開発に成功した。1960年(昭和35)日本でポリオが大流行し、そのさなかの1961年7月、ソ連(当時)製・カナダ製の経口ポリオ生ワクチンが緊急輸入され、投与を開始、流行は急速に収まった。こののち、日本ではセービンからポリオ生ワクチン用のウイルス株(1、2、3型)を譲渡され、セービンが提示した条件に従って、1962年から日本生ポリオワクチン研究所(現、日本ポリオ研究所)が経口生ポリオワクチンの製造を開始した。なおセービンはウイルス株をすべてWHO(世界保健機関)に譲渡した。また国際ロータリークラブと連携して、2005年をめどにポリオ絶滅の運動を行っていた。 [藤野恒三郎] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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