This is an industry that produces flour by grinding the raw wheat and separating it into bran and endosperm. Depending on demand, flour is produced in various types, such as weak flour (for high-end confectionery), strong flour (for high-end bread), regular flour (for noodles), semi-strong flour (for general bread), and special flour (for monosodium glutamate, etc.). Flour milling is the oldest industry in the world, and is said to have been one of the factors that contributed to the development of mechanized Western civilization. In ancient times, flour was milled using hand mills, followed for a long time by the era of stone mills powered by water wheels, but from around 1820, roll mills came into use, and from around 1870, endosperm coarse grain sorters were used, which, combined with the use of silk sieves from around 1835, brought about an industrial revolution in the flour milling industry. In Japan, before the Meiji era, milling was done with stone mills using water wheels, but in 1873 (Meiji 6), roll mills were imported and government-run factories were established, leading to modern industrialization, and after the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars in 1897, full-scale large-scale factories were established. After that, the industry established a foothold as an export industry, but the import of raw wheat stopped during World War II and it declined, but after 1948 (Showa 23), it resumed with the import of raw wheat from America and other countries, and in recent years, large silos and large, modern flour mills have been built in coastal areas, and food industrial complexes are being developed. Small inland factories that are at a disadvantage in obtaining imported raw materials have been consolidated and closed, and factories have been relocated from mountain factories to sea factories. The production volume of Japan's flour milling industry increased 2.1-fold from 2.37 million tons in 1960 to 4.97 million tons in 1996, but the number of flour mills fell sharply from 4,490 in 1947 to 556 in 1960, 209 in 1982, and 174 in 1996. The flour milling industry is highly concentrated, with the top three companies, Nisshin Flour Milling, Nippon Flour Mills, and Showa Sangyo, accounting for 60% of the market, and small and medium-sized enterprises are increasingly forming affiliations with each other. Until now, wheat, the raw material of the flour milling industry, has been allocated quantities and prices for both domestic and imported wheat under the Food Control Law, and flour milling companies have enjoyed a stable supply of raw materials without being affected by international market prices, but major system reforms are underway in the direction of "liberalization" ("New Wheat Policy Outline" 1998). Domestic wheat production fell sharply to 200,000 tons in 1973, and although it showed signs of recovery to 1 million tons in 1988, it fell again due to cuts and stagnation in producer wheat prices, and remained at 480,000 tons in 1996. [Masaru Hoshi and Yoshiaki Kase] "Japan's Wheat Industry" edited by Tadayuki Isayama (1982, Chikyusha)" ▽ "Wheat Flour - Its Raw Materials and Processed Products" edited and published by the Japanese Wheat and Barley Research Association (1981) ▽ "Wheat and Its Processing" by Seiichi Nagao (1984, Kenpakusha) ▽ "Knowledge of Wheat Flour Products" edited by Shigehisa Shibata and Toshiaki Nakae (1990, Saiwai Shobo)" [Reference items] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原料の小麦を粉砕して、麬(ふすま)と胚乳(はいにゅう)部分とに分離して小麦粉を製造する工業。需要に応じて、薄力粉(はくりきこ)(高級菓子用)、強力粉(きょうりきこ)(高級パン用)、普通粉(麺(めん)用)、準強力粉(一般パン用)、特殊粉(グルタミン酸ナトリウム用等)などに分けて製造されている。 製粉業は世界最古の工業で、西洋機械化文明の発達の一因をなしたともいわれる。古代には手臼(てうす)式で製粉され、その後長い間水車を動力とする石臼製粉の時代が続いたが、1820年ごろからロール式製粉機、70年ごろから胚乳粗粒(はいにゅうそりゅう)精選機が用いられ、1835年ごろからの絹篩(きぬふるい)の使用と相まって製粉工業の産業革命を達成した。 わが国でも、明治以前は水車による石臼製粉であったが、1873年(明治6)にロール式製粉機が輸入され、官営工場も設立されて近代的工業化し、97年以降日清(にっしん)・日露戦争を経た段階から本格的大規模工場が設立された。その後、輸出産業としても地歩を固めたが、第二次世界大戦中に原料小麦の輸入がとだえ衰退して、1948年(昭和23)以降、アメリカなど外麦の原料小麦輸入により再開し、近年では臨海地域に大型サイロと近代的大型製粉工場が建設され、食品コンビナート化が図られている。また、輸入原料入手が不利である小規模内陸工場の統廃合が進み、工場は山工場から海工場へと立地移動した。 日本の製粉工業の生産量は、1960年の237万トンから96年(平成8)の497万トンへと2.1倍の増加をみたが、製粉工場数は1947年の4490工場から60年556、82年209、96年174工場へと大幅な減少を示した。製粉業の生産集中度はきわめて高く、日清製粉、日本製粉、昭和産業の上位3社の市場占有率は6割に及んでいて、中小企業の系列化が強まっている。 製粉業の原料である小麦は、これまで内麦、外麦とともに食糧管理法により政府によって割当数量、価格などが決定され、製粉企業は国際相場の影響を受けずに安定した原料供給にあずかってきたが、「自由化」の方向で大幅な制度改正が進行中である(「新たな麦政策大綱」1998)。国内産小麦は1973年には20万トンまで急減、その後88年の100万トンへと生産回復を示すものの、生産者麦価の引下げ・低迷のもとでふたたび減少し、96年で48万トンにとどまっている。 [保志 恂・加瀬良明] 『諫山忠幸監修『日本の小麦産業』(1982・地球社)』▽『日本麦類研究会編・刊『小麦粉―その原料と加工品』(1981)』▽『長尾精一著『小麦とその加工』(1984・建帛社)』▽『柴田茂久・中江利昭編著『小麦粉製品の知識』(1990・幸書房)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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