Holy Land - Seichi

Japanese: 聖地 - せいち
Holy Land - Seichi

A sacred area that has a religious or legendary status different from everyday spaces and is usually considered taboo. Their size varies from city-sized holy places such as Mecca for Muslims to small sacred places such as a single tree, but sacred places can be roughly classified into three categories based on their origins.

First, natural sacred sites are natural mountains, rocks, rivers, ponds, forests, trees, etc. that are regarded as sacred because of the reverence for them or because they are the home of divine spirits. Mount Fuji and Mount Hotaka are considered sacred sites because of their sublime shapes, and on the Indonesian island of Bali there is a sense of direction that considers the mountain side to be the sacred direction. In Taoism, mountains are considered the abode of immortals, and in Buddhism mountains are considered to be pure lands where Buddhas reside. On the other hand, the Manyoshu refers to "shrines" as "mori," which shows that forests have long been considered places where divine spirits descend. Eskimos consider fishing grounds rich in seafood to be sacred sites, and for Hindus the Ganges River is considered a sacred river. There are also many other sacred sites, such as sacred trees, sacred stones, sacred springs, and sacred lakes.

Next, there are artificially created sacred places, including temporary sacred places that are set up for occasional rituals, and permanent sacred places such as constructed shrines. In either case, a sacred place is created by setting a space apart from the everyday and placing some kind of sacred symbol there. This is also evident from the fact that the English word "temple," which means a shrine, is etymologically derived from the Greek word "témnein," which means "to nail."

Finally, there are holy places that originate from creators or saints. In Central Africa, there is a holy place where the creator is said to have left his footprints when the rocks were still soft, and the hollows of Adam's Peak in Sri Lanka are sacred places for Buddha by Buddhists, Shiva by Hindus as the creator god, and Adam's footprints after the expulsion from Paradise by Christians and Muslims. Just as Santiago de Compostela in Spain, one of the three major Christian pilgrimage sites, became a holy place because of the legend that it contains the remains of St. James, large Catholic cathedrals are built in places associated with saints, and there are many holy places originating from saints or great figures in other religions as well (such as Kushinagar, Sarnath, and Bodh Gaya in India in Buddhism, and Mount Tiantai and Mount Wutai in China).

Sacred places are usually considered taboo, and entry to them is either completely prohibited or restricted. However, because of this taboo, sacred places awaken people to their existence, giving them the sense that there is something important there that is different from everyday life. Sacred places have legends that explain their status, and many rituals are performed when crossing the border to a sacred place on a pilgrimage or for worship, and these rituals and the sacred place itself are made up of various symbols with meaning. Through these legends and symbols, people come to understand the specific religious teachings and ideology that established the sacred place as a sacred place.

[Ueda Noriyuki]

[Reference] | Pilgrimage

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

宗教的あるいは伝説的に日常の空間とは異なる神聖さをもち、通常タブーとされる区域。その規模は、イスラム教徒にとってのメッカといった都市大の聖地から、1本の樹木といった小さな聖地までさまざまであるが、聖地はその成り立ちからおよそ三つに分類される。

 まず、自然的聖地は、天然の山、岩、川、池、森、樹木などが、それらに対する畏怖(いふ)から、あるいは神霊のよりどころなどとして神聖視されたものである。富士山、穂高山などはその山容の崇高さから聖地とされており、インドネシアのバリ島には山側を神聖な方向とする方位感が存在している。道教では山は神仙のすみかと考えられ、仏教においても山は仏の住む浄土とされる。一方、『万葉集』では「神社」を「もり」と詠んでいることから、森が古くから神霊降臨の地とされていたことがわかる。エスキモーは海の幸に恵まれた漁場を聖地とし、ヒンドゥー教徒にとってはガンジス川が聖河とされる。そのほか、聖樹、聖石、聖泉、聖湖などと数多い。

 次に、人工的に生み出された聖地があり、儀礼のために随時しつらえられるような一時的な聖地と、建造社殿のように恒久的な聖地が存在する。いずれも、ある空間が非日常的なものとしてくぎられ、そこになんらかの聖なる象徴が置かれることで聖地が創出されている。社殿を意味する英語のtempleが語源的には「くぎる」を意味するギリシア語témneinから派生していることも、そのことを物語っている。

 最後に、創造主や聖者に起源を発する聖地がある。中央アフリカには、岩のまだ軟らかな時代に創造主がその足跡をしるしたとされる聖地があり、スリランカのアダムズ・ピーク山のくぼみも、仏教徒は仏陀(ぶっだ)の、ヒンドゥー教徒は創造神シバの、キリスト教徒とイスラム教徒は楽園追放後のアダムの足跡としてそれぞれの聖地としている。キリスト教の巡礼三大聖地の一つ、スペインのサンティアゴ・デ・コンポステラが聖ヤコブの遺骸(いがい)が存在するという伝説から聖地になっているように、カトリックの大寺院は聖者のゆかりの地に建てられるし、他の宗教(仏教ではインドのクシナガラ、サールナート、ブッダガヤ、中国の天台山、五台山など)でも聖者や偉大な人物を起源とする聖地は多く存在している。

 聖地は通常タブーとされ、立ち入りがまったくできないか、あるいは制限されている。しかし、そのタブーゆえに聖地はその存在を人々に喚起しており、そこには日常とは異なったなにか重要なものが存在するという意識を人々に与える。聖地にはそこが聖地とされるに至った伝説が存在し、また、巡礼、参拝などで聖地への境界を越えるときには多く儀礼が行われ、それらの儀礼や聖地自体は意味をもったさまざまな象徴から構成されている。人々はそれら伝説や象徴によって、聖地を聖地として成立させた特定の宗教的な教えやイデオロギーを体得していくのである。

[上田紀行]

[参照項目] | 巡礼

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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