Political philosophy

Japanese: 政治哲学 - せいじてつがく(英語表記)political philosophy
Political philosophy

It refers to philosophical considerations of political reality and ideals, but is used to distinguish it from political science, i.e., political science as a science. However, it is generally included in the broad sense of political science, that is, the study of politics, and is used in the same sense as political thought or political theory, or it often overlaps with them. Furthermore, political philosophy is not limited to strictly philosophical considerations, and the further back in time one goes, the more it includes considerations of politics from religious and ethical perspectives. While political science is empirical and analytical, political philosophy is characterized by essential, critical, and comprehensive considerations of political phenomena and ideals, and is often considered based on a certain worldview, value, and normative ideals. So-called political ideology includes political philosophical elements, but political ideology as a whole is often the subject of political philosophical consideration and criticism.

In recent years, as emphasizing empirical and scientific analysis of politics, especially from a behavioralist standpoint, political philosophical considerations have attracted less academic interest. Furthermore, in the current climate of calls for "de-ideologicalization" and the "end of ideology," critical reflection on political ideology has also faded into obscurity, and there are whispers of the decline of political philosophy. In this situation, the only area of ​​philosophical consideration related to politics that is still considered important is philosophical consideration of scientific methodology. Discussions about the validity of methods used in science, their effectiveness and limitations, belong to philosophical considerations that go beyond the realm of scientific consideration.

However, as the behavioral science has recently begun to be reflected upon, the problems of ideals and values ​​in politics have been reexamined, and the so-called "post-behavioral revolution" (D. Easton) has been called for, and a new interest in political philosophy has been aroused, and the "resurrection of political philosophy" has been frequently mentioned. In this case, political philosophy is also expressed as criticism of the behavioral stance, and in particular, there is a new interest and development in "justice" and "freedom." Furthermore, political philosophy has begun to become active again, from philosophical considerations of the fate and situation of human beings in modern nations to reflections on the future of human beings and nations. A new synthesis of political philosophy and science is being sought to guide practice.

[Yoshiaki Iizaka]

[Reference] | Political Science

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

政治の現実や理念に関する哲学的考察をさすものであるが、とくに政治科学、つまり科学としての政治学と区別して用いられる。しかし一般的には、広義の政治学、つまり政治に関する学問のなかに含められ、政治思想や政治学説と同じ意味に用いられるか、でなければ、それらの内容と重なるところが多い。さらに政治哲学といっても、厳密に哲学的な考察にとどまらず、時代をさかのぼればさかのぼるほど宗教や倫理の立場からする政治の考察もこれに含まれる。政治(科)学が実証的・分析的であるのに対して、政治哲学は政治的事象や理念の本質的・批判的・総合的考察を特徴とし、一定の世界観的立場や価値および規範の理念に基づいて考察されることが多い。いわゆる政治的イデオロギーは、そのうちに政治哲学的な部分を含むが、政治的イデオロギーが全体として政治哲学的考察と批判の対象になることが多い。

 近年、政治に関する実証的・科学的分析が、とくに行動論behavioralism的立場から強調されるに及んで、政治哲学的考察はあまり学問的関心をよばなくなった。さらに、「脱イデオロギー化」や「イデオロギーの終焉(しゅうえん)」が叫ばれる現代の風潮のなかでは、政治的イデオロギーに対する批判的省察も影を潜め、政治哲学の没落がささやかれるようになった。こうした状況のなかで、政治に関係する哲学的考察が依然、重要視されている領域としてかろうじて残ったのは科学方法論methodologyに関する哲学的考察であった。科学で用いられる方法の妥当性、その有効性と限界に関する議論は、科学的考察の領域を越えた哲学的考察に属する。

 けれども最近、行動主義的科学に対する反省がおこってくるにつれて、政治における理念や価値の問題が見直されるようになり、いわゆる「脱行動論的革命」(D・イーストン)が叫ばれるようになってから、ふたたび政治哲学に対する新たな関心が呼び起こされるようになり、「政治哲学の復権」がしきりといわれている。この場合の政治哲学は、行動主義の立場などに対する批判としても現れているが、とりわけ、「正義」や「自由」に対する新たな関心と展開がみられる。さらに現代国家における人間の運命と状況に対する哲学的考察から、人間と国家の未来に関する省察など、政治哲学はふたたび活発な活動を展開し始めている。そして政治の哲学と科学との新しい総合が、実践を導くものとして求められている。

[飯坂良明]

[参照項目] | 政治学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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