It is a type of sedimentary rock, a type of clastic rock, formed by the accumulation and solidification of sand grains. Here, sand grains refer to those with a grain size of 0.06 to 2 mm, and are usually composed of small pieces of minerals and rocks such as quartz, feldspar, and mica. During the process of transportation and deposition, the sand grains are rounded and selected, resulting in various shapes and grain sizes. Depending on the size of the grains that make up the sandstone, it can be further subdivided into coarse sandstone (grain size 0.5 to 2 mm), medium sandstone (grain size 0.25 to 0.5 mm), and fine sandstone (grain size 0.06 to 0.25 mm). Generally, the gaps between the sand grains are filled with mudstone, mainly clay substances, but sometimes they are filled with cementing substances such as calcium carbonate, silica (silicon dioxide), and iron oxide. It can also be mixed with fine-grained volcanic ejecta to form tuffaceous material. Sandstone exhibits a variety of appearances and specific gravities depending on the size and type of particles, differences in cementation materials, and the amount of porosity. It exists as strata in all geological eras, interbedded with other clastic and volcaniclastic rocks. Sandstone strata retain sedimentary structures such as cross-bedding and graded stratification that indicate the movement of water currents, and bottom traces on the bedding planes indicate the direction of flow. Sometimes abnormal deformations that occurred during deposition are also preserved. The properties and occurrence of sandstone, together with fossils, provide important clues for analyzing the paleoenvironment at the time of deposition and for reconstructing paleogeography. Factors that control the constituent grains and texture of sandstone include the geology of the source area, climate, weathering, transport medium, maturity of minerals and textures, orogeny, sedimentation, and diagenesis. Since it is difficult to classify sandstones based on all of these factors, i.e., on their formation history, various classifications have been proposed based on the emphasis of the factors. In the past, the properties of sandstones were thought to be determined by the properties of the source rock or source area that supplied the sand grains and orogeny, and they were classified based on the ratio of the main components of quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments, without considering the muddy matrix that fills the spaces between the sand grains. The correspondence between the sandstones was discussed from the peneplain stage through the orogeny and the post-orogeny stage. However, this classification is no longer used today, as research on sediments has progressed. Sandstones are usually classified based on the amount of matrix and mineral composition. The amount of matrix is considered to be important in determining the viscosity and density of the transport medium, water. Sandstones can be broadly divided into those with poor sorting, meaning that they have a high matrix mass (i.e., a lot of clay) and the sand grains are not uniform in size, and those with good sorting, meaning that they have little clay and the sand grains are uniform in size. The former are called wacke, and the latter are called arenite (arenyte). These are further divided into quartz, feldspar, and lithic, depending on the amount of quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments they contain. Nowadays, the geological bodies that provided the sand can be determined in detail by analyzing the chemical composition of the sand grains and measuring radiometric ages. [Saito Yasuji] "The Science of Sand" by Raymond Sieber, translated by Masaaki Tateishi (1995, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin) [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | | |Geological | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
堆積(たいせき)岩のうち砕屑岩(さいせつがん)の一種で、砂粒が集積し固まった岩石。ここで砂粒というのは、粒径が0.06~2ミリメートルのものをいい、普通、石英、長石、雲母(うんも)などの鉱物および岩石の細片からなる。砂粒は運搬され堆積する過程のなかで、円磨、淘汰(とうた)されて、いろいろな形や粒径をもつようになる。砂岩を構成する粒子の大きさから、さらに粗粒砂岩(粒径0.5~2ミリメートル)、中粒砂岩(0.25~0.5ミリメートル)、細粒砂岩(0.06~0.25ミリメートル)に細分されることもある。一般に砂粒のすきまは粘土物質を主とする泥質物で満たされているが、ときには炭酸カルシウム、シリカ(二酸化ケイ素)、酸化鉄などの膠結(こうけつ)物質で満たされている。また細粒の火山噴出物と混合して凝灰質となることもある。粒子の大きさや種類、膠結物質の違い、孔隙(こうげき)の多少などにより、いろいろな外観や比重を示す。あらゆる地質時代に地層として存在し、他の砕屑岩や火山砕屑岩と互層する。砂岩の地層には、水流の動きを示す斜交層理や級化成層などの堆積構造や、層理面には流れの方向を表す底痕(ていこん)が残されている。ときに異常な堆積時の変形も残されている。こうした砂岩の性質および産状は、化石とあわせて、堆積時の古環境解析および古地理の復原などの重要な手掛りとなる。 砂岩の構成粒子および組織を規制する要因としては、供給地の地質、気候、風化作用、運搬媒質、鉱物および組織の成熟度、造山運動、堆積作用、続成作用などが考えられる。これらすべてすなわち生成史を反映させた分類は困難であるため、重点の置き方の違いから多様な分類案が出されてきた。かつては砂岩の性質は、砂粒を供給した源岩あるいは後背地の性質と造山運動で決まると考えて、砂粒間を埋める泥質物の基質を考慮せずに、主成分の石英、長石、岩石片の比で区分し、準平原のときから造山運動を経て後造山期にわたって対応関係が論じられた。しかし、その区分は堆積物の研究が進んだ現在では用いられていない。普通、砂岩は基質の量と鉱物組成から分類されている。基質量は、運搬媒質である水の粘性や密度を規定するために重要であると考えられるからである。砂岩は、基質量すなわち粘土物質が多く砂粒の大きさがそろっていない、いわゆる淘汰の悪いものと、粘土物質が少なく砂粒の大きさがそろった、淘汰のよいものとに大きく分けられる。前者がワッケwacke、後者はアレナイトarenite(arenyte)とよばれている。これらはさらに石英、長石、岩石片の多少から、石英質、長石質、石質に分けられる。いまでは、砂粒子の化学組成の分析や放射年代の測定から、供給源となった地質体が詳しく推定されるようになっている。 [斎藤靖二] 『レイモンド・シーバー著、立石雅昭訳『砂の科学』(1995・東京化学同人)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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