Production price - price of production (English)

Japanese: 生産価格 - せいさんかかく(英語表記)price of production 英語
Production price - price of production (English)

With the establishment of average profits, goods are not sold at their value, but at a price equal to the cost price required for their production plus the average profit. This price is the production price, one of the basic terms in Marxist economics. In reality, the value of a commodity is not determined by its individual value as the amount of abstract human labor contained in it. In the production sector that produces each commodity, the production conditions of producers belonging to the same production sector are different, and goods produced under favorable production conditions have a smaller individual value than goods produced under inferior production conditions. However, if competition within the same sector is perfect, the same value will be established for the same commodity (the principle of one price). This is the same as the individual value of a commodity produced under socially average production conditions. This is called market value. However, when we look at the production sectors of various commodities, the organic composition of capital invested in each sector (value ratio of constant capital to variable capital) is always different, and if the rate of surplus value (value ratio of variable capital to surplus value) in each sector is constant, different surplus values ​​will be produced for the same amount of invested capital. In this case, if there is complete competition between the sectors and capital and labor can move between sectors in search of greater surplus value, each sector will generate a uniform profit ratio to the amount of invested capital. This is the general/average rate of profit. When the average rate of profit is established in this way, commodities will be transformed from their market value in each sector into a production price that is the sum of the cost price and the average profit. However, as is clear from the fact that the sum of the production prices of all commodities in society is equal to their total value, the production price is not established independently of individual value or market value. The precursor of Marx's concept of production price can be seen in A. Smith's and Ricardo's concept of natural price.

[Katsujiro Fujita]

[Reference] | Market value/market price | Natural price | Smith | Ricardo | Profit

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

平均利潤の成立に伴い商品はその価値どおりに販売されず、その生産に要した費用価格に平均利潤を加えた価格で販売される。この価格が生産価格であり、マルクス経済学の基本的用語の一つである。現実に商品は、それに含まれた抽象的・人間的労働の分量としての個別的価値で価値が決定されるわけではない。それぞれの商品を生産する生産部門において、同一生産部門に属する生産者の生産条件は異なり、優位の生産条件のもとで生産された商品はそれより劣った生産条件の商品に比べて個別的価値はより小さい。しかし、同一部門内での競争が完全に行われれば、同じ商品には同じ価値が成立する(一物一価の原則)。それは社会的・平均的生産条件のもとで生産された商品の個別的価値に一致する。それを市場価値という。ところが、さらにさまざまな商品の生産部門についてみると、それぞれの生産部門で投下されている資本の有機的構成(不変資本・可変資本の価値比率)は異なるのが常であって、もしそれぞれの生産部門での剰余価値率(可変資本・剰余価値の価値比率)が一定であるとすれば、同一量の投下資本に対して異なった剰余価値が生産されることになる。この場合も各生産部門間で競争が完全に行われ、資本と労働より大きな剰余価値を求めて部門間を移動しうるとすれば、各生産部門において投下資本量に対する均一の比率での利潤が生み出されることになる。これが一般的・平均的利潤率である。こうして平均利潤率が成立すると、諸商品は各生産部門の市場価値から離れて、費用価格に平均利潤を加えた生産価格に転化することになる。しかし、社会の全商品の生産価格の総和はそれらの価値総量に一致することから明らかなように、生産価格は個別的価値や市場価値と無関係に成立するものではない。このようなマルクスの生産価格概念は、その先駆的形態をA・スミスやリカードの自然価格概念にみることができる。

[藤田勝次郎]

[参照項目] | 市場価値・市場価格 | 自然価格 | スミス | リカード | 利潤

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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