Initiative - Inishiativ (English spelling) initiative

Japanese: イニシアティブ - いにしあてぃぶ(英語表記)initiative
Initiative - Inishiativ (English spelling) initiative

A form of direct democracy, it is a method to correct the defects of representative politics by having voters directly participate in politics under indirect democracy (representative politics). A certain number of voters create a bill and directly submit it to parliament, or they do not submit it and put the bill to a public vote to decide whether to enact, amend or repeal it. Therefore, it is also called direct initiative or popular initiative. The oldest in the world was established in 1845 in the Swiss canton of Baud. In the United States, it is currently adopted by more than 28 states and many cities. The Swiss Federal Constitution (established in 1874) allows citizens to amend the constitution (Article 121), while the Italian Constitution (established in 1947) allows citizens the right to propose laws (Article 71) and the right to request the amendment or repeal of laws (Article 75). Japan's Local Autonomy Act allows citizens the right to enact, amend or repeal ordinances (Article 74). Initiative has the advantage of taking into account the interests of the people when enacting legislation, but it has the disadvantage that some cunning people will irresponsibly propose it for the benefit of a few.

[Ito Isao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

直接民主制の一形態で、間接民主制(代議政治)の下で有権者が直接、政治に参加することによって代議政治の欠陥を修正する方法。一定数以上の有権者が法案をつくって、直接、議会に提出するか、または提出しないで、ある法案の制定改廃を一般投票にかける制度である。そのため直接発案または国民発案ともよばれる。スイスのボード州が1845年に創設したのが世界でもっとも古い。アメリカでは現在28州以上と多数の都市に採用されている。スイス連邦憲法(1874制定)では憲法の一部改正(121条)について、イタリア共和国憲法(1947制定)では国民に法律発案権(71条)、法津改廃請求権(75条)を認めている。わが国の地方自治法は条例制定・改廃請求権(74条)を認めている。イニシアティブは国民の利益を考慮して立法をなすところに長所があるが、国民の一部の悪賢い者が無責任な立場で一部の者の利益のため発案するという短所がある。

[伊藤 勲]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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