Generally speaking, it refers to a specific person demanding a certain action, that is, an act or omission, from the other party, and a right that contains a claim is called a claim right. Under civil law, it is often used when demanding a certain act under private law, such as a claim for performance or a claim for damages. A claim under the Civil Procedure Code is explained as a "litigation claim." [Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato] Litigation claimsA litigation claim is a specific legal claim in relation to a defendant, which the plaintiff files a lawsuit and seeks a court review and judgment on its validity. In other words, it generally refers to the assertion of the existence or nonexistence of a specific right or legal relationship. In a litigation claim, the rights and relationships asserted as the content of the claim are the subject of adjudication, and are also called the "object of the lawsuit" or "subject of the lawsuit." The term "litigation claim" refers to the plaintiff's right assertion, which is a repurpose of the meaning of the term "claim" under the Civil Code. In the days when performance lawsuits were the only type of lawsuit, a right assertion was an assertion of a claim, and a lawsuit was a means of exercising a claim. However, in the second half of the 19th century, when declaratory judgment lawsuits and formative lawsuits were recognized, the assertion of rights through lawsuits was no longer limited to the assertion of a claim. For example, when a plaintiff could file a lawsuit for negative confirmation, which asserts the nonexistence of a debt against a defendant, or a lawsuit for divorce, which asserts a certain ground for divorce, was recognized, the meaning of "claim" was transformed into a concept that encompasses these. The specific rights and interests that a claim in a lawsuit relates to is determined by the "purpose of the claim" and "cause of the claim" that the plaintiff states in his or her complaint (Civil Procedure Act, Article 133, Paragraph 2). [Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato] Purpose and grounds for the claimThe purpose of the claim indicates what the plaintiff is seeking as the conclusion of the lawsuit. For example, in a lawsuit for compensation, the statement of the judgment in favor of the claim is "We seek a judgment that the defendant pay the plaintiff tens of thousands of yen." The cause of the claim refers to the facts that are the cause of the right, which are necessary to supplement the purpose of the claim and clarify that the claim is a specific right claim. For example, the fact that the defendant committed a tort against the plaintiff. The claim is specified by both of the above. The court will only rule on the validity of this specified claim (Civil Procedure Act, Article 246). A judgment on the validity of a claim in a lawsuit, that is, a judgment with the main text of the claim being granted or dismissed, is the judgment on the merits, and in principle, its res judicata effect arises on the rights relationship that is the subject of the lawsuit (Civil Procedure Act, Article 114, Paragraph 1). [Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato] Waiver of Claims; Admission of ClaimsA waiver of a claim is when a plaintiff admits during oral argument or preparatory proceedings that his or her claim is without merit, whereas an admission of a claim is when a defendant admits that the plaintiff's claim is well-founded. If the same statement is made outside of a lawsuit, it will amount to a waiver of rights or an admission of debt, but will have no effect under procedural law. A waiver or admission of a claim, if recorded in a record, will have the same effect as a final judgment (Civil Procedure Act, Article 267). Therefore, the lawsuit will be terminated. In other words, in the case of a waiver, the result will be the same as if there had been a judgment dismissing the claim, and in the case of an admission, the result will be the same as if there had been a judgment granting the claim. [Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato] [Reference] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般的には、特定の者が相手方に対し一定の行為つまり作為または不作為を要求することをいい、請求を内容とする権利を請求権という。民法上では、履行の請求とか損害賠償の請求などのように一定の私法上の行為を要求する場合に用いられることが多い。民事訴訟法における請求は、「訴訟上の請求」として説明される。 [内田武吉・加藤哲夫] 訴訟上の請求訴訟上の請求とは、原告が訴えによってその当否につき裁判所の審理・判決を求める、被告との関係における具体的な法律的主張をいう。いいかえれば、それは原則として特定の権利または法律関係の存否の主張をさす。訴訟上の請求では、請求の内容として主張されるこの権利関係が審判の対象となるので、これを「訴訟の目的」あるいは「訴訟物」ともいう。原告の権利主張を訴訟上の請求とよぶのは、民法上の請求の語義を転用したものである。給付訴訟が唯一の訴訟類型であった時代には、権利主張は請求権の主張であり、訴訟は請求権行使の手段であった。ところが、19世紀後半になって確認訴訟や形成訴訟が認められるようになると、訴えによる権利主張が請求権の主張だけではなくなった。たとえば、原告が被告に対する債務の不存在を主張する消極的確認の訴えや、一定の離婚原因を主張して離婚の訴えを起こすことなどが認められるに及んで、これらを包含する概念として「請求」の意味が転化するに至った。訴訟上の請求が具体的にいかなる権利関係に関する主張であるかは、原告が訴状に記載する「請求の趣旨」および「請求の原因」によって定まる(民事訴訟法133条2項)。 [内田武吉・加藤哲夫] 請求の趣旨、請求の原因請求の趣旨とは、訴えの結論として原告が何を求めているかを示すもので、たとえば、給付の訴えでは「被告は原告に対し金何万円を支払え、との判決を求める」というように請求認容の判決主文に対応する表示がされる。請求の原因とは、請求の趣旨と相まってこれを補足して請求が特定の権利主張であることを明確にするために必要な権利発生原因である事実をさす。たとえば、被告が原告に不法行為を行った事実がこれにあたる。前記の両者によって請求は特定される。裁判所は、この特定された請求の当否についてだけ審判することになる(民事訴訟法246条)。訴訟上の請求の当否についての裁判、つまり請求認容あるいは請求棄却を主文とする判決が本案判決であり、その既判力(きはんりょく)は訴訟物である権利関係について生ずるのが原則である(同法114条1項)。 [内田武吉・加藤哲夫] 請求の放棄、請求の認諾請求の放棄とは、訴訟の口頭弁論または準備手続において、原告が自己の請求が理由のないことを自認する行為をいうのに対し、請求の認諾は、被告が原告の請求を理由があると認めることをいう。訴訟外で同じ内容の陳述をしても、それは権利の放棄あるいは債務の承認にあたるが、訴訟法上の効果は生じない。請求の放棄や認諾は、これを調書に記載することによって確定判決と同一の効力を生じる(民事訴訟法267条)。したがって、当該訴訟はこれによって終結する。つまり、放棄の場合は請求棄却の判決、認諾の場合は請求認容の判決があったと同様の結果になる。 [内田武吉・加藤哲夫] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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