The probability density is A curve showing the probability density of the normal distribution N(m,σ 2 ) When the distribution of the random variable Z is the standard normal distribution, for x ≥ 0,
Let A = (a ij ) be the n-dimensional normal distribution, and Δ = detA be the n-dimensional positive definite symmetric matrix. The n-dimensional probability density is Here are some famous examples of normal distribution. Quetelet confirmed that the distribution of heights of adult males is normal. Maxwell found that the distribution of the velocity of gas molecules can be expressed as a normal distribution. Gauss also found that the distribution of random errors is normal. Due to Gauss's contribution to normal distribution, normal distribution is also called Gaussian distribution. Poincaré's book "Calcul des probabilités" contains an interesting description of observations and theories on error distribution. "If you ask an experimentalist, he will answer that in many cases it follows normal distribution, but sometimes it does not. This is because the observations were insufficient, and that it should naturally follow normal distribution as mathematicians have proven. If you ask a mathematician, he will answer that it has not been mathematically established, but that it has been established by experiment." The mathematical formulation of this problem was not completed until the 20th century, when the central limit theorem was established for the problem of the sum of random variables. [Shigeru Furuya] ©Shogakukan "> Normal distribution diagram (Figure A) Graph of (0, 1) ©Shogakukan "> Normal distribution diagram (Figure B) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
確率密度が 正規分布N(m,σ2)の確率密度を表す曲線 確率変数Zの分布が標準正規分布であるとき、x≧0に対する
n次元正規分布A=(aij)をn次正値対称行列、Δ=detAとして、n次元確率密度が 正規分布の有名な実例をあげよう。ケトレーは成年男子の身長の分布が正規分布になっていることを確かめた。マクスウェルは気体分子の速度の分布が正規分布で表されることをみいだした。またガウスは偶然誤差の分布が正規分布であることをみいだした。正規分布に対するガウスの貢献によって正規分布はガウス分布ともよばれている。ポアンカレの著書『Calcul des probabilités』には誤差の分布についての観測と理論に関する興味深い記述がある。「実験家に聞けば、多くの場合正規分布に従うがそうでないこともある。そうでないのは観測が不十分であったためで、数学者が証明しているように当然正規分布に従うはずであると答える。また数学者に聞くと、それは数学的に確立されたのではない。実験によってそうなっているのだと答える」。この問題の数学的定式化は、20世紀に入って確率変数の和の問題について中心極限定理が確立されて初めて完成した。 [古屋 茂] ©Shogakukan"> 正規分布説明図〔図A〕 (0,1)のグラフ©Shogakukan"> 正規分布説明図〔図B〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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