It is a molten oxide, mainly made of silica, that is produced by adding a solvent to separate gangue and impurities from the metal in a molten state when extracting the desired metal from ore or crude metal. The slag produced during smelting is called slag, and steelmaking slag is specifically written as slag. In non-ferrous smelting, it is also called karami. At the smelting site, it is called "noro." It is the residue or dregs left over after the desired metal has been obtained, but in recent years most of it has been put to effective use, and the term "slag" is now more commonly used. The properties required for slag are that it dissolves as much gangue and impurities as possible and makes it easy to separate the metals, i.e., it has a low melting point, a lower specific gravity than the target metal, good fluidity, high interfacial tension with the metal, and it is also easy to chemically dissolve impurities. The thermal and electrical properties of slag are also important in electric furnaces and electroslag remelting. In blast furnaces, limestone is added as a solvent and combined with the iron ore and silica and alumina, which are the main gangues in the coke, to produce silicate slag. A solvent containing magnesia is also added to absorb more of the impurity sulfur, making the slag more basic. In the steelmaking process, methods of adding quicklime, a solvent, and blowing are devised to absorb the harmful element phosphorus as efficiently as possible and to keep it stable in the slag at the end of the refining process. The components are CaO, SiO 2 , FeO, MgO, P 2 O 5 , and MnO. In non-ferrous smelting, it is desirable to have slag in which the solubility of the target metal itself or its oxide is as low as possible. As the Western proverb goes, "Look after the slag, and the metal will look after itself," to get good metal, you must make good slag. The amount of blast furnace slag produced in Japan in 2008 was nearly 20 million tons, and the effective use of this enormous amount of slag is an important issue. When molten blast furnace slag is rapidly cooled with water, it becomes fine glassy particles. This is called granulated slag, and because it has hydraulic properties, it can be used as a cement raw material after drying, which helps save energy. It is also porous and lightweight, so it can be used as concrete aggregate. Slowly cooled blast furnace slag is crystalline, hard, and dense, and is widely used as roadbed material and concrete aggregate. Steelmaking slag that is high in phosphorus is valuable as a fertilizer (Thomas phosphorus fertilizer). Steelmaking slag is high in iron and lime, and is also recycled as a sintering material or for blast furnaces, but it has not been used much in the past due to its tendency to disintegrate. However, in recent years, various improvements have been made to its use as a cement material and roadbed material. In recent years, the iron content has been reconsidered, and tests have been conducted to cultivate seaweed beds in the ocean. Furthermore, due to changes in the steelmaking process, slag with different compositions and properties from conventional slag is now being produced, and the amount of slag is also decreasing. [Iguchi Yasutaka] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
鉱石や粗金属から目的金属を得る際、脈石類や不純物などを溶融状態で金属より分離させる目的で溶剤を添加し生成させた、おもにケイ酸質の酸化物融体である。製錬の際のスラグを鉱滓(こうさい)、製鋼スラグはとくに鋼滓と書く。非鉄製錬では鍰(からみ)ともいう。現場では「のろ」とよぶ。目的金属を得たあとの残渣(ざんさ)、滓(かす)であるが、近年そのほとんどが有効利用されており、スラグという表現が一般的である。 スラグに必要な性質は、脈石や不純物をできるだけ多く溶解し、金属を分離しやすいこと、すなわち融点が低く、目的金属より比重が小さく、流動性がよく、金属との界面張力が大きいこと、また化学的に不純物をより溶解しやすいことなどである。電気炉、エレクトロスラグ再溶解などではスラグの熱的・電気的性質も重要である。 高炉では溶剤として石灰石を入れ、鉄鉱石、コークス中のおもな脈石であるシリカ、アルミナと結合させ、ケイ酸塩スラグを生成させる。さらに不純物である硫黄(いおう)をより吸収するようにマグネシアを含む溶剤をも加え、より塩基性の高いスラグとする。製鋼過程においては有害成分のリンをもっともよく吸収し、精錬末期にリンがスラグ中に安定して存在するように溶剤である生石灰の添加法、吹精法がくふうされている。成分はCaO, SiO2, FeO, MgO, P2O5, MnOである。非鉄製錬では、目的金属自身あるいはその酸化物の溶解度ができるだけ小さなスラグが望ましい。西洋の格言Look after the slag, and the metal will look after itself.にあるように、よい金属を得るには、よいスラグをつくらなければならない。 日本における2008年(平成20)の高炉スラグ量は2000万トン近くであり、この膨大なスラグの有効利用は重要な課題である。溶けた高炉スラグを水で急冷するとガラス質の細かい粒になる。これを水砕スラグといい、水硬性をもつため乾燥後セメント原料として利用でき、エネルギーの節約に役だつ。また、多孔質で軽量のためコンクリート骨材としても利用される。徐冷した高炉スラグは結晶質で硬く、緻密(ちみつ)であり、路盤材やコンクリート骨材として広く使われている。 製鋼スラグでリンを多く含むものは、肥料として価値がある(トーマスリン肥)。製鋼スラグは鉄分、石灰分が多く、焼結原料や高炉への再利用もされるが、崩壊性があるため従来あまり利用されなかった。しかし、近年種々のくふうがなされ、セメント原料や路盤材などに用いられるようになった。近年、鉄分が見直され、海洋の藻場育成の試験が行われてきている。また、製鋼過程の変化により、従来のものとは組成、性質の異なるスラグが生成されるようになるとともに、スラグ量も減少されつつある。 [井口泰孝] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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