Step - steppe (English spelling)

Japanese: ステップ - すてっぷ(英語表記)steppe
Step - steppe (English spelling)

Originally, the term referred to the vast temperate grasslands stretching from Ukraine to Kazakhstan, but when German climatologist Köppen classified the world's climates, he included tropical grasslands in the steppe climate (BS climate), and the scope of application was expanded. In short, steppe is a vegetation zone between humid forests and dry deserts that lacks trees due to the lack of rain and is dominated by grasses of the grass family and asteraceae. In a broad sense, it also includes grasslands made of tall grasses such as prairies and pampas, but the term is often used exclusively to refer to temperate grasslands with grass heights of 50 centimeters or less.

In terms of climate, it appears in areas with an annual rainfall of about 250 to 500 mm, and the soil is chestnut brown or black with a thick humus layer. It is distributed in the southwestern part of the former Soviet Union, as well as Mongolia, the Sahel region of Africa, the Verds of South America, and the Great Plains of North America, and although areas with relatively heavy rainfall have been converted into farmland, many parts are used for ranches and pastureland. In recent years, the progression of desertification in many areas due to overgrazing and excessive cultivation is making the lives of residents increasingly difficult.

[Takehide Koizumi]

Vegetation

The main species of steppes are grasses such as Festuca and Sparass, as well as Millet and Oryza, but depending on the degree of dryness or wetness, broad-leaved herbaceous species (artemisia-type plants in the dry steppes of Central Asia) may also be the main species. Some steppe communities are dominated by salt-tolerant Chenopodiaceae plants, such as saline steppes.

[Nobuhiko Ohga]

[Reference] | Grassland | Pampas | Prairie

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

もともとはウクライナからカザフスタンにかけての広大な温帯草原をさすことばであったが、ドイツの気候学者ケッペンが世界の気候区分を行った際、熱帯草原まで含めてステップ気候(BS気候)を設定したため、適用範囲が拡大された。一口にいえば、湿潤な森林地帯と乾燥した砂漠の中間を占める植生帯のうち、雨が少ないため樹木を欠き、イネ科やキク科の草本を主体とする草原がステップである。広義にはプレーリーやパンパなど丈の高い草からなる草原も含むが、温帯の草丈50センチメートル以下の草原に限定してこの語を用いることも多い。

 気候的には降水量がおよそ年間250~500ミリメートルの地域に出現し、土壌は栗色(くりいろ)土壌ないし厚い腐植層をもつ黒色土壌である。分布域は旧ソ連地域南西部のほか、モンゴル、アフリカのサヘル地方、南アメリカのベルド、北アメリカのグレート・プレーンズなどで、雨の比較的多い所は農耕地化されているが、牧場や遊牧地に用いられている部分が多い。近年多くの地域での過放牧や無理な耕作に起因する砂漠化の進行は、住民の生活をますます苦しくしている。

[小泉武栄]

植生

ステップではイネ科植物のウシノケグサ属、ハネガヤ属のほか、キビ属、ウシクサ属などがおもな構成種となるが、乾燥と湿潤の度合いによって広葉型草本種(中央アジアの乾燥したステップではヨモギ型植物)が主要な構成種になることもある。また、ステップのなかには塩性ステップのように耐塩性の強いアカザ科植物が優占する群落もある。

[大賀宣彦]

[参照項目] | 草原 | パンパ | プレーリー

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