Numbers - Suushi

Japanese: 数詞 - すうし
Numbers - Suushi

A word that expresses quantity or quantitative relations and functions as a kind of noun in many languages. The answer to the question "how many?" is called cardinal, and the answer to the question "what number?" is called ordinal, which are also found in many languages. However, in some languages, there are other words such as iterative (e.g., once, twice, etc.), multicative (e.g., double, treble, etc.), and participative (e.g., half, quarter, etc.), which answer "what fraction?". In Japanese, except for the word "half," all of these are expressed in analytical terms that include cardinals, such as "once, twice, double, triple, half, quarter," so there is little morphological basis for establishing subdivisions of numerals such as iterative or participative. In this respect, ordinal numerals cannot be considered a subcategory of numerals morphologically in Japanese, but semantically they express numerical relationships rather than the numbers themselves, and grammatically they have no adverbial usage with a counter ("Three people came"; "Three trees were planted"), so they function quite differently and need to be classified as an independent category from cardinal numerals. In terms of form, the "dai" in "daiichi" (first) and "dai-ni" (second) is a prefix, unlike other counters, and is not an independent word. Cardinal numerals also function as adjectives when attached directly to nouns, such as "one girl" and "three young men," but in such cases, a counter is required in quite a number of languages. In Japanese, expressions such as "one girl" and "three young men" mentioned above are rather literary, and usually appear with a counter, such as "one girl" and "three young men." This type of language is also quite widespread. In Chinese, the Beijing dialect in the north allows words to be used without a counter, but the Cantonese dialect in the south always requires a counter. Since counters are a fairly basic and fundamental part of the vocabulary of a language, they are considered to be the most stable words that are least likely to be borrowed in Indo-European languages. However, in East Asia, the opposite is true, and they are very likely to be borrowed. In our Japanese language, excluding special words in modern languages ​​(such as "twenty years old" and "thirty days/last day of the year"), Yamato-kotoba's counters count "one" and "two" up to "ten," and beyond that, we have come to use loanwords from Chinese, such as "eleven" and "twelve." It is important to note that even among Indo-European languages, peripheral languages ​​(such as Lithuanian and Sanskrit) are actually not that stable.

[Mantaro Hashimoto]

"Phenomena of Numbers in Indo-European Languages" by Hisanosuke Izumi (1978, Taishukan Shoten) " ▽ "Linguistic Typology Theory" by Mantaro Hashimoto (1978, Kobundo)""Monthly Language, Vol. 7, No. 6, Special Feature: Sex and Number" (June 1978, Taishukan Shoten)""Numerical Words: Their Birth and Evolution" by Noriaki Kobayashi (1998, Seirinsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

数量や数量関係を表すことばで、多くの言語において名詞の一種として働く。「いくつ?」に対する答えとなるものを基数詞cardinal、「何番目?」に対する答えとなるものを順序数詞ordinalといい、これも多くの言語にみられる。しかし、言語によっては、このほかに「何回?」に対する答えとなる反復数詞iterative(例―英語once「1回」、twice「2回」など)、「何倍?」に対する答えとなる倍数詞multicative(例―英語double「2倍」、treble「3倍」など)、「何分の1?」に対する答えとなる部分数詞partitive(例―英語half「2分の1」、quarter「4分の1」など)のようなものがある。われわれの日本語は、「半分」というような言い方を除けば、これらをすべて「1回、2回、2倍、3倍、2分の1、4分の1」のように、基数詞を含む分析的な言い方で表すので、反復数詞とか部分数詞というような、数詞の下位区分を設ける形態論的な根拠があまりない。その点では、順序数詞も、日本語では形態論的に数詞の下位区分とはいいがたいのであるが、意味的には数そのものより数関係を表し、文法的には助数詞を伴った副詞的用法(「人が3人来た」「木を3本植えた」)がないなど、かなり異なった働きをするので、基数詞とは独立した範疇(はんちゅう)をたてる必要がある。形のうえでも、「第一」「第二」の「第」は、他の助数詞と違って接頭辞であり、独立した単語にならない特徴がある。基数詞はまた、「一少女」「三青年」のように、名詞にそのままついて形容詞のように働くが、そういう場合には、かなり多くの言語で助数詞を必要とする。日本語でも、先述の「一少女」「三青年」のような言い方は、どちらかといえば文語的で、普通には「1人の少女」「3人の青年」のように助数詞を伴って現れる。この種の言語もかなり広く分布していて、中国語では、北方の北京(ペキン)方言では助数詞のない言い方が許されるが、南方の広東(カントン)語(広州方言)ではかならず助数詞を必要とする。数詞は、一つの言語の語彙(ごい)のなかでも、かなり基礎的な、根幹をなす部分なので、たとえばインド・ヨーロッパ語ではもっとも借用されにくい、安定した語彙に数えられている。しかし、東アジアでは逆で、非常に借用されやすい。われわれの日本語も、現代語では特殊な語彙(「二十歳(はたち)」「三十日(みそか)・晦日(みそか)」など)を除けば、大和(やまと)ことばの数詞は、「一つ」「二つ」と数えて「十(とお)」までで、その上はもう「十一」「十二」のように、中国語からの借用語を用いるようになってしまった。インド・ヨーロッパ語でも、辺境の言語(リトアニア語、サンスクリットなど)では、実はそれほど安定していないことに注目する必要があるといえよう。

[橋本萬太郎]

『泉井久之助著『印欧語における数の現象』(1978・大修館書店)』『橋本萬太郎著『言語類型地理論』(1978・弘文堂)』『『月刊言語第7巻第6号 特集 性と数』(1978.6・大修館書店)』『小林功長著『数詞 その誕生と変遷』(1998・星林社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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