Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

Japanese: バイヤー - ばいやー(英語表記)Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

German chemist. One of the promoters of organic synthetic chemistry, especially known for the synthesis of indigo. Born in Berlin. Studied under Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg, and then under Kekulé. The latter had a particularly large influence on his ideology. He was involved in teaching and research at the Berlin School of Applied Sciences, the University of Strasbourg, and the University of Munich. In terms of education, he nurtured many talented people who would later play an active role in the field of organic synthetic chemistry in Germany, including Fischer, Mayer, Willstätter, Grebe, and Liebermann.

In terms of research, his progressiveness can be seen in the pioneering of synthetic methods as an application of the theory of organic compound structure. His students further expanded on his ideas, discovering many new synthetic methods toward the goal of synthesizing useful dyes, and further enriching their knowledge of the structure and reactivity of organic compounds. At the same time, they created a large number of synthetic dyes, and became the driving force behind the development of the German dye industry. In other words, he proved with his own experience that research is essential to the development of industry.

Bayer's research achievements amounted to more than 300 papers, covering a wide range of fields. Among the dye-related compounds he dealt with, there were cyclic compounds with the basic skeletons of nitrobenzene, triphenylmethane, phthalein, and quinoline, to name just a few. Other useful compounds include terpenes, arsenobenzenes, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The most famous of these is the artificial synthesis of the natural dye indigo. Since discovering its potential in 1865, it took him more than 10 years to determine the structure of related substances and successfully synthesize it from isatin in 1870 and from orthonitrocinnamic acid in 1880. In terms of structural theory, he proposed tautomerism (1882) and the tension theory of carbocyclic rings (1885). In 1905, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for these achievements.

[Junji Kawamata]

[References] | Indigo | Willstaedter | Grebe | Kekulé | Fischer | Bunsen | Mayer | Liebermann

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの化学者。有機合成化学の推進者の一人、とくにインジゴの合成で有名。ベルリンの生まれ。ハイデルベルク大学でブンゼンに学び、ついでケクレに学んだ。思想的にはとくに後者の影響が大きい。ベルリン実業学校、シュトラスブルク大学、ミュンヘン大学などで教育と研究の仕事に従事。教育の面ではフィッシャー、マイヤー、ウィルシュテッター、グレーベ、リーベルマンなど、後のドイツ有機合成化学の分野で活躍する優秀な人材を数多く育てた。

 研究の面では、有機化合物の構造理論を基礎に、その応用としての合成法の開拓を行ったところに、彼の進歩性がみいだされる。そして彼の弟子たちは、有用染料の合成という目標に向かって、その考えをさらに拡大しつつ多くの新合成法を発見し、有機化合物の構造と反応性についての知識をさらに豊富にした。同時に多数の合成染料をつくりだし、ドイツ染料工業の発展の牽引(けんいん)車となった。すなわち、工業の発展にとって研究が不可欠であることを身をもって証明したといえる。

 バイヤーの研究業績は論文数が300余にも上り、領域は多方面に及んだ。取り扱った化合物を染料関連物質のなかから数種に限ってあげると、ニトロベンゼン、トリフェニルメタン、フタレイン、キノリンなどの基本骨格をもった環状化合物がある。そのほかに、テルペン、アルセノベンゼン、含窒素複素環などの有用化合物群もみられる。それらのなかでもっとも有名なのは天然染料藍(あい)(インジゴ)の人工合成である。1865年にその可能性をみいだして以来、関連物質の構造確定をしつつ、1870年にイサチンから、1880年にはオルトニトロ桂皮(けいひ)酸からの合成に成功するまでに10年以上の年月を要した。構造理論の面では互変異性(1882)および炭素環の張力説(1885)がある。1905年に以上の業績に対してノーベル化学賞が贈られた。

[川又淳司]

[参照項目] | インジゴ | ウィルシュテッター | グレーベ | ケクレ | フィッシャー | ブンゼン | マイヤー | リーベルマン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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