Leveling - Suijunsokuryo (English spelling)

Japanese: 水準測量 - すいじゅんそくりょう(英語表記)leveling
Leveling - Suijunsokuryo (English spelling)

A survey to determine the height of each point on the ground. There are two types of leveling: direct leveling, in which a level and a staff are used to measure the horizontal position of a staff placed vertically at two points and determine the relative height between the two points from the difference in the readings, and indirect leveling, or triangular leveling, in which a transit placed at one point is used to measure the altitude angle of a target placed at another point and the relative height is determined by trigonometry.

Direct leveling is more accurate, but takes a lot of time and cannot be carried out in mountainous areas, so most mountain heights are determined by indirect leveling. In either case, starting from a certain origin, the relative heights between two points are calculated one after the other, and the elevation of each point is calculated as the cumulative sum. Pressure leveling is sometimes also carried out using a barometer, but this is less accurate and can result in errors of several meters.

Direct leveling as a basic survey method is divided into first- and second-class leveling surveys, which form a first-class leveling network that covers the entire country along major national highways, and a second-class leveling network that fills in the gaps. These leveling surveys are often repeated to detect minute changes in elevation, and are also used to detect the amount of land subsidence and crustal movement for earthquake prediction. The error of leveling is proportional to the square root of the length of the leveling route, and is detected and regulated by the difference in closure when a loop is formed by returning to the same point, or the difference in round trips when the same route is observed twice.

[Yukio Ozaki November 18, 2016]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地上の各点の高さを求める測量。水準儀と標尺(スタッフstaff)を使い、2地点に垂直に立てた標尺を水平に観測してその読み取り値の差から2地点間の比高を求める直接水準測量と、1点に据えたトランシットtransitで他の点に置いた目標の高度角を観測し、三角法により比高を求める間接水準測量、または三角水準測量とがある。

 直接水準測量のほうが精度は高いが、作業時間がかかるうえ、山地などでは実施できないので、山の高さなどはほとんど間接水準測量で求められている。いずれの場合にも、ある原点から出発して、次々と2点間の比高を求め、その累積和として各地点の標高を計算する。また気圧計を利用した気圧水準測量もときとして行われるが、精度は低く、数メートルに及ぶ誤差を生じることもある。

 基本測量としての直接水準測量は一等および二等水準測量に分かれ、それぞれ主要国道沿いに全国を網羅して一等水準網、およびそのすきまを埋める二等水準網を形成している。これらの水準測量をしばしば繰り返して微少な標高の変化を求め、地盤沈下量や地震予知のための地殻変動量を検知するのにも使われる。水準測量の誤差は水準路線長の平方根に比例し、同一地点に戻って環を形づくった場合の閉合差、あるいは同一路線を往復2回観測したときの往復差により検知され、規制される。

[尾崎幸男 2016年11月18日]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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