Bench mark

Japanese: 水準点 - すいじゅんてん(英語表記)bench mark
Bench mark
Benchmark. Abbreviated as BM. A point where the elevation is determined by direct leveling, it is the standard for measuring land height. A permanent marker is placed at the measurement point. In Japan, leveling stones are granite pillars with a small hemispherical convexity on the top or concrete blocks with a metal marker buried in the top buried in the ground. They are installed approximately every 2 km along major national and prefectural roads. The accuracy of the height of the stone surface (usually the top surface) determined by leveling is about ±0.8 mm. There are about 17,700 first-order leveling points throughout the country (1982), and the length of the leveling route is about 20,000 km. To check the leveling points, there are 23 tide observation stations throughout the country, where the value obtained by leveling is compared with the mean sea level at that location. Periodic leveling surveys can be used to check the changes in the height of the leveling points and to learn about ground movements and up-and-down activity of the earth's crust.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ベンチマーク。 BMと略記する。直接水準測量で標高を求めた点で,土地の高さを測量するときの基準となる。測定点には永久標識を設ける。日本の場合は,上面に小半球状の凸部をもつ柱状の花崗岩か頭部に金属標を埋設したコンクリートブロックを地中に埋めて水準標石とする。おもな国道,県道に沿って約 2kmおきに設置されている。水準測量によって決定された標石面 (普通は上面) の高さの精度は±0.8mm程度である。一等水準点は全国をおおい,約1万 7700点あり (1982) ,水準路線の延長は約2万 kmである。水準点チェックのために,全国各地に 23ヵ所の検潮所があり,水準測量による値とその場所での平均海面との比較が行われている。定期的な水準測量によって水準点の高さの変動を調べ,地盤の変動や地殻の上下の活動を知ることができる。

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