This law provides for basic matters related to forest management, the preservation of forest resources, and the promotion of forest productivity. It was enacted in 1951, Law No. 249. The Forest and Forestry Basic Law (Law No. 161, 1964) also enacts forestry policy goals and basic measures. [Yoshito Kasahara] HistoryIn Japan, the first Forest Law was enacted in 1897 (Meiji 30), but at the time it was limited to provisions on the supervision of public forests (municipal forests and village-owned forests) and shrine and temple forests, the protection forest system, and forest crimes, and a partial revision in 1907 (Meiji 40) strengthened the supervision of public forests and established land use rights and a forestry association system for the purpose of the development of private forests in general. A further major revision in 1939 (Showa 14) stipulated the obligation of forest owners to prepare management plans and the compulsory establishment of forestry associations, legally clarifying the control of private forests during wartime. After the Second World War, the Forest Law was completely revised in 1951, procedurally abolishing the old Forest Law and promulgating the current Forest Law. This revision adopted a forest planning system and reorganized forest associations into cooperative organizations. In 1978, the Forest Association Law was enacted, and the provisions regarding forest associations under the Forest Law were deleted. [Yoshito Kasahara] Key provisions of current lawThe core of the current Forest Law is the forest planning system. This requires the national government to take responsibility for drawing up forest plans for resource sustainability and to obligate forest owners to carry out operations such as planting trees that are necessary to implement the plans. Based on the national and regional forest plans, forest owners, either individually or jointly, prepare forest management plans for their forests, each of which lasts for five years, and have them approved by the prefectural governor. While preparing a plan is not mandatory, those who carry out operations after receiving approval are given preferential treatment in terms of taxation, subsidies, loans, etc. The Forest Law also states that forests can be designated as conservation forests if necessary, but it also allows land that is not currently forest to be designated as a conservation facility district where the government will carry out afforestation or forest engineering projects to prevent land degradation and local hazards. Land designated as such is subject to restrictions on cultivation and other actions that change the nature of the land, just like conservation forests. When the period of designation as a conservation facility district expires (within seven years), the land that was previously forest is automatically incorporated into conservation forest. In addition, forest theft, arson, and accidental forest fires are excluded from the general criminal law and are punishable under special criminal laws under the Forest Act. [Yoshito Kasahara] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
森林の管理や森林資源の保続および森林生産力の増進に関する基本的事項を規定する法律。昭和26年法律第249号。林業に関する政策目標と、その基本的施策については、別に森林・林業基本法(昭和39年法律第161号)が制定されている。 [笠原義人] 沿革わが国では1897年(明治30)に初めて森林法が制定されたが、このときは公有林(市町村林、村落有林)と社寺林の監督、保安林制度、森林犯罪に関する規定にとどまり、1907年(明治40)の一部改正で公有林野の監督強化と民有林全般の開発を目的とする土地使用権の設定や森林組合制度が創設された。さらに1939年(昭和14)の大改正では、森林所有者の施業案編成義務と森林組合の強制設立が規定され、戦時下の民有林統制が法的に明確となった。 第二次世界大戦後、1951年(昭和26)には森林法が全面的に改正され、手続上は旧森林法を廃し、新たに現行森林法が公布される形がとられた。この改正では森林計画制度が採用され、森林組合は協同組合組織へ改組された。なお、1978年に森林組合法が成立し、森林法下の森林組合規定は削除となった。 [笠原義人] 現行法の主要規定現行の森林法の中心をなすものは、森林計画制度である。これは、資源保続のため国の責任において森林計画をたて、計画実施に必要な植栽などの施業を森林所有者に義務づけるものである。全国森林計画、地域森林計画に基づいて森林所有者が1人または共同でその所有林について5年を1期とする森林施業計画を作成し、知事の認可を受ける。計画作成は強制されるものではないが、認可を受けて施業していれば、税制や補助・融資などで優遇される。 また、森林法は、必要があれば森林を保安林に指定できるとしているが、現在森林ではない土地であっても、国土荒廃予防、局所危険防止の目的を達するため国が造林事業または森林土木事業を行う保安施設地区として指定することを認めている。この地区に指定された土地は保安林と同様に、開墾その他土地の形質を変更する行為が制限される。保安施設地区指定の期間(7年以内)満了のとき森林であるものは自動的に保安林に編入される。 なお、森林窃盗、森林放火・失火などは、一般刑法から外して、森林法の特別刑法によって処罰されることになっている。 [笠原義人] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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