In a broader sense, it can include the democratic political systems that emerged as a result of the political demands of the sans-culottes during the French Revolution, and the anti-feudal revolutions in the Caucasus and Central Asia in the early 1920s in former Russian colonies and protectorates, as well as Mongolia. In a narrower modern sense, it refers to the political systems or ideas that were established after World War II as a result of democratic reforms based on united front organizations through anti-fascist or anti-imperialist national liberation struggles in former Eastern European countries such as Poland, the former East Germany, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia, and Albania, as well as in Asian countries such as China, North Korea, and Vietnam (the term was also used in China as New Democracy). Regarding the latter, from the viewpoint of the path of political change, unlike the Russian Revolution of 1917, which transformed the soviets (councils), which were superior class organizations of workers, into direct public/national institutions instead of parliaments established by universal suffrage, and established the political form of proletarian dictatorship, these countries first established a provisional government by a united front organization with the armed forces of the people, and then liberation from fascism and militarism was achieved by this armed force, after which a people's representative body (parliament) was formed by universal suffrage, and this body became the bearer of state power. (In reality, the invasion and presence of the Soviet army had a large significance.) In those days, terms such as People's Republic and People's Democratic Republic were adopted as the names of the countries. In this sense, in the initial stage from 1947 to 1948, People's Democracy was not yet socialist democracy, but in the content of the changes it aimed to achieve, it was already understood to be a "third way" that went beyond bourgeois democracy, a political form diverse in ethnicity that would enable a transition to socialism without going through the dictatorship of the proletariat. The idea of democratic change based on a united front organization was, in one sense, a continuation of the line of establishing a new government by an anti-fascist popular front put forward by the 7th Congress of Comintern in 1935, but while this popular front government was positioned as something that should be close to the Soviet system, the actual people's democracy after World War II, at least in its initial stages, was considered a political form different from the Soviet type. However, as the Cold War structure became more acute with the emergence of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, conditions were created whereby the political attitude toward the Soviet Union became the standard for the positioning of the people's democracies, and at the same time, in 1948 the Cominform condemned the search for an independent national path to socialism as bourgeois nationalism, and expelled the Communist Party of Yugoslavia from its membership. In this way, the Communist Parties, which had been strengthening their positions in various countries, began to accept the "advice and assistance" of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and also its political experience, ostensibly of their own accord, and the process of transplanting the Soviet-style political form (including ensuring the leadership of the Communist Party in the political system, centralized economic management methods, agricultural collectivization, etc.) to various countries progressed, and in the course of this process, the concept of people's democracy also came to be understood as a political form that should fulfill the functions of proletarian dictatorship. As a result, the uniqueness of the people's democratic type of political form became diluted, but in the 1960s, as these countries ended their transitional period and moved one after another to the socialist stage, countries such as Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania changed their names to socialist republics, and the unique meaning of people's democracy as a stage definition for the transitional period to socialism was lost. There are many issues surrounding the various reforms that have taken place in these countries, particularly since the late 1950s (such as the Hungarian incident in 1956, the Czechoslovakian revival movement in 1968, and the Polish Solidarity movement in 1980) that must be considered in light of the early ideals of people's democracy. [Taichiro Oe] "Takahashi Yuji and Tozawa Tetsuhiko (eds.), Studies on People's Democracy, vol. 1 and 2 (1955, 56, Keiso Shobo) " "Maeno Ryo (ed.), Modern Revolution and People's Democracy (1958, Otsuki Shoten) " "Fujita Isamu, On the Establishment of the Idea of People's Democracy (included in "European Legal Systems", 1979, University of Tokyo Press)" [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広義ではフランス革命の際のサン・キュロットの政治的要求や、1920年代初めカフカスと中央アジアの旧ロシア帝国植民地・保護国およびモンゴルにおける反封建革命によって生まれた民主主義的政治体制を含めることもある。より狭い現代的意義においては、第二次世界大戦後、ポーランド、旧東ドイツ、旧チェコスロバキア、ハンガリー、ルーマニア、ブルガリア、旧ユーゴスラビア、アルバニアといった旧東欧諸国、および中国、北朝鮮、ベトナムといったアジアの諸国で反ファシズムないし反帝国主義の民族解放闘争を通じ、統一戦線組織に基づく民主主義的変革の結果として成立した政治体制もしくはその理念をさす(中国のように新民主主義という用語法もあった)。 後者について政治的変革の経路という見地からみると、1917年のロシア革命が、労働者の優れて階級的な組織であるソビエト(評議会)を、普通選挙によって成立した議会にかえて直接に公的・国家的な機関に転化させ、プロレタリア独裁の政治形態を打ち立てたのとは異なり、これらの諸国では、まず人民の武装力を伴った統一戦線組織によって臨時政府が樹立され、この武装力によってファシズム・軍国主義からの解放が達成されたのち、普通選挙によって人民代表制機関(議会)が形成され、この機関が国家権力の担い手になるというコースをたどった点がほぼ共通の特徴とされた(実際にはソ連軍の進攻と駐留のもつ意味が大きかった)。その際、国名としては、人民共和国、人民民主主義共和国などの用語が採用されている。この意味での人民民主主義は、1947~48年までの初期段階では、いまだ社会主義的民主主義ではないが、それが目ざした変革の内容において、すでにブルジョア民主主義を超えた、いわば「第三の道」であって、プロレタリア独裁を経由せずに社会主義への移行を可能にするところの、それぞれ民族的に多様な政治形態をなすものと理解されていた。 統一戦線組織に基づく民主主義的変革という構想自体は、一面では1935年のコミンテルン第7回大会が掲げた反ファシズム人民戦線による新しい政府の樹立という路線を引き継ぐものではあるが、この人民戦線政府がソビエト制に接近すべきものとして位置づけられていたのに対して、第二次大戦後の現実の人民民主主義は少なくともその初期においては、ソビエト型とは異質の政治形態とみなされていたわけである。しかし、その後トルーマン・ドクトリンやマーシャル・プランの登場に伴う冷戦構造の尖鋭(せんえい)化のもとで、ソ連に対する政治的態度が人民民主主義諸国の定位の基準になるという条件が生まれると同時に、1948年にコミンフォルムが、社会主義への独自の民族的な道の探求をブルジョア民族主義と断罪し、ユーゴスラビア共産党を除名するという事態に至る。ここに、各国においてその地位を強化してきていた共産党がソ連共産党の「助言と援助」を、そしてまたその政治的経験を建前上自発的に受容するという状況が広く生まれ、ソビエト型政治形態(政治体制における共産党の指導性の確保、中央集権的な経済管理方法、農業集団化などを含む)の各国への移植過程が進行することになり、こうした経緯のなかで、人民民主主義の概念も、プロレタリア独裁の機能を果たすべき政治形態を意味するものと理解されるようになる。その結果、政治形態の人民民主主義型としての独自性は希薄化することになるが、1960年代に入ってから、これらの諸国が過渡期を終了して社会主義の段階に順次移行するとともに、チェコスロバキア、ユーゴスラビア、ルーマニアなどでは国名も社会主義共和国へと改められ、社会主義への過渡期という段階規定としての人民民主主義の独自の意味も失われていった。これらの諸国におけるとくに1950年代末以降のさまざまな改革に伴う事件(1956年のハンガリー事件、68年チェコスロバキアの再生運動、80年ポーランドの「連帯」の運動など)には、人民民主主義の初期の理念に照らして検討されるべき問題が少なくない。 [大江泰一郎] 『高橋勇治・戸沢鉄彦編『人民民主主義の研究』上下(1955、56・勁草書房)』▽『前野良編『現代革命と人民民主主義』(1958・大月書店)』▽『藤田勇著『人民民主主義構想の成立過程をめぐって』(『ヨーロッパの法体制』所収・1979・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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