Endocarditis - Endocarditis

Japanese: 心内膜炎 - しんないまくえん(英語表記)Endocarditis
Endocarditis - Endocarditis
[What kind of disease is it?]
This is a disease in which inflammation occurs in the endocardium, which covers the innermost part of the myocardium (the cardiac cavity side). In addition to cardiac symptoms such as fever, heart murmur, shortness of breath, palpitations, and arrhythmia, it can also cause blood clots and embolisms in the heart, brain, and kidneys.
The causes can be broadly divided into three:
■ Infective endocarditis
It occurs when the endocardium becomes infected with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, etc.) or fungi.
This occurs when bacteria or fungi enter the bloodstream through a wound (bacteremia) and reach the heart after dental treatment such as tooth extraction, nose or throat treatment, incision of an infected wound, or urological or gynecological surgery. It rarely occurs in healthy people, but is said to be more likely to occur in people with valvular heart disease or congenital heart disease.
■ Endocarditis caused by rheumatic fever When hemolytic streptococcus (strep) infects the throat, an abnormal immune response occurs, causing endocarditis along with symptoms such as fever, rash, and arthritis throughout the body.
■ Endocarditis associated with collagen disease (especially systemic lupus erythematosus) About collagen diseases When a person develops an autoimmune disease (a disease in which the immune system reacts to components of the body's own) called idiopathic pulmonary tuberculosis (IPU) or idiopathic pulmonary tuberculosis (IPZ) (a disease in which the immune system reacts to components of the body's own), various symptoms appear in the skin, joints, kidneys, etc., one of which is endocarditis.
[Testing and diagnosis]
In addition to a general examination (patient history, palpation, and auscultation), blood tests, chest X-rays, electrocardiograms, and cardiac ultrasound (echocardiograms) will be performed as necessary. The diagnosis will be made based on a comprehensive assessment of the results of these tests.
[Treatment]
In either case, treatment is with medicine.
●In the case of infective endocarditis , the patient will be hospitalized and the causative pathogen will be identified through a blood culture test. Antibiotics appropriate for the pathogen will be injected for 4 to 8 weeks.
If there is no improvement during this period or if severe valvular heart disease occurs, surgery may be required.
●In the case of rheumatic fever , antibiotics such as penicillin are used to treat the hemolytic streptococcus that causes the disease. Depending on the severity of the symptoms, adrenal cortical hormone (steroid) drugs may also be used.
In the case of systemic lupus erythematosus, endocarditis will improve if the original cause, systemic lupus erythematosus, is treated. Corticosteroids are used for this purpose.
[Precautions in daily life]
Infective endocarditis can be prevented by keeping the mouth clean. In people with valvular heart disease or congenital heart disease, antibiotics are used as a preventative measure before dental or ear, nose, and throat treatment or surgery.
Preventing recurrence is important for rheumatic fever, so antibiotics are used for a long period of time, sometimes continuing into adulthood in children.
In the case of systemic lupus erythematosus, you will try to prevent the symptoms from worsening throughout your body, based on the guidance of your doctor.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな病気か]
 心筋のもっとも内側(心内腔側(しんないくうがわ))をおおう心内膜に炎症がおこる病気です。発熱、心雑音、息切れ、動悸(どうき)、不整脈(ふせいみゃく)など心臓症状のほか、心臓、脳、腎臓(じんぞう)などに血栓(けっせん)・塞栓(そくせん)症状をおこすことがあります。
 原因は、大きく分けて、つぎの3つによります。
■感染性心内膜炎(かんせんせいしんないまくえん)
 心内膜に細菌(レンサ球菌(きゅうきん)、ブドウ球菌など)や真菌(しんきん)(かび)などの病原性微生物が感染しておこるものです。
 抜歯(ばっし)などの歯の治療、鼻やのどの治療、化膿(かのう)した傷の切開、泌尿器科(ひにょうきか)または婦人科の手術を受けた後などに、傷口から細菌やかびが血液中に入り込み(菌血症(きんけつしょう))、心臓に達しておこります。健康な人には、めったにおこりませんが、心臓弁膜症(しんぞうべんまくしょう)や先天的な心臓疾患がある人におこりやすいとされています。
■リウマチ熱による心内膜炎
 溶血性レンサ球菌(溶連菌)がのどに感染すると、免疫反応の異常がおこり、発熱、発疹(ほっしん)、全身の関節炎などの症状とともに、心内膜炎をおこします。
■膠原病(こうげんびょう)(とくに全身性エリテマトーデス)をともなう心内膜炎
 膠原病(免疫のしくみとはたらきの「膠原病について」)という自己免疫疾患(じこめんえきしっかん)(自分のからだの成分に対して免疫反応がおこる病気)になると、皮膚、関節、腎臓などにさまざまの症状が出ますが、その1つに心内膜炎があります。
[検査と診断]
 一般的な診察(問診、触診、聴診)のほか、必要に応じて血液検査、胸部X線検査、心電図、心臓超音波(心エコー図)検査が行なわれます。それらの結果が総合的に判断されて診断されます。
[治療]
 いずれの場合も、薬剤による治療が行なわれます。
●感染性心内膜炎の場合
 入院して、原因となる病原菌を血液培養検査で見つけ、その病原菌に応じた抗生物質が4~8週間注射されます。
 この間に改善しないときや、重症の心臓弁膜症を合併した場合は、手術が行なわれることもあります。
●リウマチ熱の場合
 発症の原因となっている溶血性レンサ球菌に対し、ペニシリンをはじめとした抗生物質を使用します。症状の程度により副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)ホルモン(ステロイド)薬が使用されることもあります。
●全身性エリテマトーデスの場合
 もともとの原因である全身性エリテマトーデスの治療が行なわれることで、心内膜炎も改善します。そのために、副腎皮質ホルモン薬が使用されます。
[日常生活の注意]
 感染性心内膜炎は、日ごろから口腔内(こうくうない)を清潔に保つことで予防できます。心臓弁膜症や先天的心疾患がある人では、歯科や耳鼻科の処置や手術を受ける前に抗生物質が予防的に使用されます。
 リウマチ熱は、再発防止が重要であるため、抗生物質が長期間使用されます。子どもの場合は、おとなになるまで続けることもあります。
 全身性エリテマトーデスの場合は、かかりつけの医師の指導に基づいて、全身の症状の悪化を防ぐようにつとめます。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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