The act of floating a ship built on a slipway or in a dock onto the water. When the hull construction of a ship built on a slipway is roughly complete, a fixed platform fixed to the slipway and a slide fixed to the hull are constructed for launching. These two are called launching platforms, and the slide slides slide over the fixed platforms to launch the ship. There are usually two of these, but for large ships there are three or four. There is ball launching, in which steel balls about 9 cm in diameter are placed between the fixed and slide platforms to reduce friction and allow the ship to slide, and head launching, in which beef tallow is placed instead of steel balls. There is a gap of about one meter between the bottom of a ship under construction and the platform, and the weight of the ship is supported by supports and wooden blocks (pillars) made of stacked wooden blocks. As the launch draws near, wooden platforms are arranged on the platform. In some cases, concrete platforms are already installed as part of the platform. Next, a slide is pulled between the platforms and the bottom of the ship, a wedge of wood (launching arrow) is placed between the slide and the bottom of the ship, and the slide is pulled to the bottom of the ship and fixed in place using wires. Steel balls or heads are also placed between the slide and the fixed platform. At this point, the weight of the ship is supported by the platforms and pillars, and is barely resting on the platform. On the day of launch, a launching arrow is driven in to firmly secure the slide to the hull, and the platforms and pillars are gradually removed. The weight of the ship gradually increases on the launching platform, and just before launching, a trigger consisting of several levers stops the ship from sliding out. When the rope that has been pulled to the launching site is cut, this trigger is released and the ship starts to slide out. The sight of a huge ship being launched at a considerable speed is spectacular, but if it does not slide or stops, it is extremely difficult to get the heavy ship to slide again. Launching is a turning point in the construction process and a ritual, and it cannot be redone. In Japan, vertical launching, where the ship slides in the length direction, is common, but in shipyards facing rivers with a short distance to the opposite bank, there is a risk that the launched ship will run aground on the opposite bank. Therefore, there is a method of sliding the ship built on a platform parallel to the river sideways to shorten the distance traveled after launching, and examples of this can be seen overseas. Ships are often built in a dock, in which case the ship floats simply by drawing water into the dock. This method is used for the construction and launching of very large ships, as it is simple and safe. Smaller ships can also be launched using a trolley-like dolly, or by being lifted to the surface by a crane. [Morita Tomoharu] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
船台上またはドック内で建造した船を水に浮かべること。船台で建造された船は船体工事がおおよそ完成すると、進水用として船台に固定した固定台と、船体に固定した滑走台がつくられる。この二つを進水台といい、滑走台が固定台の上を滑って進水する。これらは普通2条設けられるが、大型船では3~4条になる。固定台と滑走台の間に直径9センチメートルほどの鋼球を挟んで摩擦を減らし船を滑らせるボール進水と、鋼球のかわりにヘット(牛脂)を挟むヘット進水とがある。 建造途中の船の船底と船台の間は1メートルほどあいており、船の重量は積み木のような形の木材を積み重ねた盤木(ばんぎ)や支柱などで支えられている。進水が近くなると木製の固定台を船台上に並べる。コンクリート製の固定台があらかじめ船台の一部として作り付けになっている場合もある。次に固定台と船底の間へ滑走台を引き込み、滑走台と船底の間へくさび状の木材(進水矢)をのせ、ワイヤなどで滑走台を船底に引き付けて固定する。また、滑走台と固定台の間に鋼球またはヘットを挟む。この時点で船の重量は盤木や支柱で支えられており、ほとんど進水台にはかかっていない。進水当日になると進水矢を打ち込んで滑走台をしっかり船体に固定するとともに、盤木や支柱を徐々に取り外してゆく。すると、船体重量はしだいに進水台にかかってゆき、進水直前になると、梃子(てこ)を数段に組み合わせたトリガーtrigger(引き金装置)で船が滑り出すのを止めている状態になる。進水式場まで引いてある綱が切断されると、このトリガーが外れて船が滑り出すようにしてある。巨大な船体が相当のスピードで進水する光景は壮観ではあるが、もし滑らなかったり止まったりしたら、重い船体をふたたび滑らすのは至難のわざである。進水は建造工程の節目でもあり儀式でもあって、やり直しができない。日本では船を長さ方向へ滑らせる縦進水が普通であるが、対岸までの距離が短い河川に面した造船所では、進水した船が対岸へ乗り上げる恐れがある。そこで、河川に平行な船台で建造した船を横方向に滑らせて、進水後の走行距離を短くする方法があり、海外にその例がみられる。 ドック内で船を建造することも多く、この場合はドックへ水を引き入れるだけで船が浮かぶ。作業が簡単であり安全度も高いから、超大型船の建造、進水にはこの方法がとられる。そのほか、小型船ではトロッコのような台車を使う進水、あるいはクレーンで船をつって浮かべる進水もある。 [森田知治] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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