The inhabitants of Melanesia. As many of them have dark skin, the name Melanesia comes from the Greek word melas, meaning black, and they were once considered to be black. However, in reality, there are many differences in skin color, ranging from black to light brown, and hair, ranging from curly to straight, but they share the trait of having large jaws and molars. Papuan languages are spoken in the interior areas of the Solomon Islands, New Britain, and New Guinea, while Melanesian languages are spoken in the coastal and other areas. They cultivate taro, yams, sweet potatoes, breadfruit, coconut palms, bananas, and other crops by shifting cultivation, raise pigs, dogs, and chickens, and engage in hunting and fishing. Social organization is both matrilineal and patrilineal, and small independent settlements generally exist except in the Trobriand Islands and Fiji Islands, with no large-scale political organization. Religion is closely related to the economy, society, politics, medicine, and entertainment, and meeting places are often used for religious ceremonies. Because there is no clear clergy, creation myths and the like are not well developed, but belief in the existence of spirits and in magic is widespread, and secret societies and pantomimes in which masked actors pose as spirits are popular. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
メラネシアの住民。皮膚の色が黒い者が多いため,ギリシア語で黒を意味するメラスからメラネシアの名称が生じ,黒人種とみなされていたこともある。しかし実際は皮膚の色は黒色から薄褐色まで,髪の毛もちぢれ毛から直髪まで,多くの相違があり,大きな顎と臼歯をもつ点が共通している。言語はソロモン諸島,ニューブリテン島,ニューギニア島の内陸地方ではパプア諸語,沿岸地方とその他の地方ではメラネシア語派に属する諸言語が用いられている。移動焼畑耕作によりタロイモ,ヤムイモ,サツマイモ,パンの木,ココやし,バナナなどを栽培し,豚,犬,鶏を飼育し,狩猟,漁労を行う。社会組織は母系,父系ともに存在し,トロブリアンド諸島やフィジー諸島を除いては一般に小集落が独立して存在し,大規模な政治組織はない。宗教は経済,社会,政治,医療,娯楽と密接に関連し,集会場が宗教儀礼用に使われていることが多い。明確な聖職者層が存在しないため,創世神話などはあまり発達していないが,精霊の存在や呪術が広く信じられており,秘密結社や仮面をつけて精霊に仮装して行われる無言劇などが盛んである。
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