Insanity - insanity

Japanese: 心神喪失 - しんしんそうしつ
Insanity - insanity

It refers to the lack of ability to distinguish right from wrong or to control one's actions due to a mental disorder. In order to be held criminally responsible, the perpetrator must have the personality to be held responsible, and if this is lacking, the responsibility is precluded as the act of a person without responsibility (Article 39, Paragraph 1, of the Penal Code). The current Penal Code prescribes two types of cases of incompetence: insanity and criminal minority (under 14 years of age) (Article 41, of the same law). Of these, insanity is defined in case law from the perspective of psychopathology and psychology as "a state in which a person is unable to discern right from wrong due to a mental disorder, and is unable to act according to this discernment." In contrast, a case in which the ability to discern right from wrong is significantly impaired is called mental impairment.

The court will decide whether or not a person is mentally incompetent, taking into consideration a psychiatrist's psychiatric evaluation, but in practice, in cases where the person is clearly deemed mentally incompetent, the case will often not be prosecuted. Under the Civil Code, a person who is in a constant state of mental incompetence (however, the term "insanity" in the Civil Code was revised in 1999 to "a constant state of lacking the ability to discern facts and circumstances" as the term was deemed discriminatory) may be subject to a guardianship initiation judgment (a declaration of incompetence under the old Civil Code), and such a person (an adult ward) cannot perform legal acts, and any acts performed can be revoked. However, purchases of daily necessities and other acts related to daily life are excluded from the scope of revocation in order to respect the right of self-determination of adult wards (Civil Code Articles 7 and 9).

[Tetsuro Nawa]

[Reference items] | Mental Weakness | Psychiatric evaluation | Adult ward | Responsibility

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

精神の障害により、是非の弁別能力または行動を制御する能力を欠くことをいう。刑事責任を問いうるためには、行為者に責任非難を課しうるだけの人格的適性を有しなければならず、これが欠ける場合には、責任無能力者の行為として、責任が阻却される(刑法39条1項)。現行刑法は、責任無能力の場合として、この心神喪失、刑事未成年者(14歳未満)、の2種を規定している(同法41条)。このうち、心神喪失は、精神病理学および心理学の観点から、判例は、「精神の障害により事物の理非善悪を弁識する能力なく、また、この弁識に従って行動する能力なき状態」などと定義している。これに対して、事物の是非について弁別する能力が著しく劣っている場合を心神耗弱(こうじゃく)とよぶ。

 心神喪失にあたるか否かは、精神科医の精神鑑定を参考にして、裁判所が判断することになるが、実務では、明らかに心神喪失と判断される場合には、その多くが不起訴とされる。民法上、心神喪失の常況にある者(ただし、民法条文中の「心神喪失」という用語は差別的な印象を与えるとして、1999年の民法改正により「事理を弁識する能力を欠く常況」という表現に改められた)は、後見開始の審判(旧民法の禁治産の宣告)を受けることがあり、その者(成年被後見人)は法律行為を行うことはできず、なされた行為は取り消せる。ただし日用品の購入その他日常生活に関する行為については、成年被後見人の自己決定権を尊重させるため、取消しの対象から除外されている(民法7条・9条)。

[名和鐵郎]

[参照項目] | 心神耗弱 | 精神鑑定 | 成年被後見人 | 責任能力

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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