Personal freedom - freedom of the person

Japanese: 人身の自由 - じんしんのじゆう
Personal freedom - freedom of the person

This refers to the freedom of a person from unjust physical restraint. It is also called bodily freedom. It is one of the traditional freedom rights. Unless bodily freedom is guaranteed, people will be restricted from all external activities. In that sense, personal freedom is a fundamental freedom for humans. The Meiji Constitution also guaranteed this, but the guarantee was incomplete and there were many cases of human rights violations such as illegal imprisonment and torture, so the Constitution of Japan included detailed provisions regarding personal freedom. The enactment of the Habeas Corpus Act (Law No. 199 of 1948) was in line with this purpose.

[Masaaki Ikeda]

Personal freedom guaranteed by the constitution

The personal freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of Japan are as follows:

(1) Principles No one shall be subjected to any form of slavery, and forced labor, such as forced labor, is prohibited except as a punishment for a crime (Article 18). Therefore, systems such as labor prisons, human trafficking, and systems of bondage based on advance debt, as well as systems such as wartime conscription, are not permitted. However, the obligation to appear as a witness in a parliament or court and give testimony, and the burden of temporary labor in emergencies such as natural disasters, cannot be considered forced hard labor. In addition, the law stipulates the guarantee of due process regarding the restriction of the freedom of suspects and criminal defendants (Article 31), restricting the abuse of power. This guarantee of due process is understood to apply not only to criminal procedures but also to administrative procedures.

(2) Rights of suspects As a guarantee against illegal arrest, a warrant (arrest warrant, summons warrant, or detention warrant) is required (Article 33 of the Constitution), with the only exceptions being arrest in flagrante delicto (Article 213 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) and emergency arrest (Article 210 of the same Code). Furthermore, the right to request counsel is guaranteed in the event of detention or incarceration (Article 34 of the Constitution). In addition, the inviolability of the home, which is the center of private life, is stipulated (Article 35), and torture by public officials is prohibited (Article 36).

(3) Rights of criminal defendants The rights of criminal defendants include the right to a fair and speedy public trial, the right to allow witnesses who are likely to give testimony in the defendant's favor to appear in court (Article 37), the right to remain silent (Article 38), the prohibition of retroactive punishment, and the principle of double jeopardy (Article 39).

[Masaaki Ikeda]

[References] | Court Trials | Habeas Corpus | Due Process

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人が不当にその身体を拘束されない自由をさす。身体の自由ともいう。伝統的な自由権の一つである。身体の自由が保障されない限り、人はいっさいの対外的活動が抑制される。その意味で、人身の自由は人間にとって基本的な自由である。明治憲法もこれを保障していたが、その保障は不完全で、不法監禁、拷問などの人権蹂躙(じゅうりん)が多く行われたので、日本国憲法は、人身の自由につき詳細な規定を設けた。人身保護法(昭和23年法律199号)の制定もこの趣旨に沿ったものである。

[池田政章]

憲法に規定された人身の自由

日本国憲法に定められた人身の自由は次のとおりである。

(1)原則的規定 だれでもどのような奴隷的拘束を受けず、強制労働のように意に反する苦役は、犯罪による処罰以外は禁止される(18条)。したがって、労働者の監獄部屋(たこ部屋)や人身売買などの前借金による拘束制度、あるいは戦時中の国民徴用のような制度は許されない。ただし、議院や裁判所に証人として出頭し証言する義務や、非常災害など緊急の場合における応急的な労務負担などは苦役の強制とはいえない。また、被疑者・刑事被告人の自由の拘束について、適法手続の保障を規定し(31条)、権力の濫用を制限した。この適法手続の保障は刑事手続のみならず、行政手続にも適用されるものと解されている。

(2)被疑者の権利 不法な逮捕に対する保障として、令状(逮捕状、勾引(こういん)状、勾留状)を必要とし(憲法33条)、現行犯逮捕(刑事訴訟法213条)と緊急逮捕(同法210条)だけが例外とされた。そして抑留、拘禁に際し弁護人依頼権が保障されている(憲法34条)。また私生活の中心である住居の不可侵(35条)と公務員による拷問の禁止(36条)が規定されている。

(3)刑事被告人の権利 公平かつ迅速な公開裁判を受ける権利と、被告人に有利な証言をすると思われる証人の出廷を認め(37条)、黙秘権を保障し(38条)、遡及(そきゅう)処罰の禁止および一事不再理(39条)などが規定されている。

[池田政章]

[参照項目] | 裁判 | 人身保護法 | デュー・プロセス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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